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introductionstotemperaturecontrol(溫度控制簡(jiǎn)介和pid控制器)外文翻譯-全文預(yù)覽

  

【正文】 察絕對(duì)偏差 (比例環(huán)節(jié) )是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。 滯后時(shí)間 滯后時(shí)間指的是 PV 引起的變化由發(fā)現(xiàn)到改變之間的延時(shí)。如果你設(shè)置一個(gè)初始溫度,等待烤爐達(dá)到這個(gè)初始溫度,然后你認(rèn)為你設(shè)定了錯(cuò)誤的溫度,烤爐達(dá)到這個(gè)新的溫度基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)還需要一段時(shí)間。意思就是,如果 PV 和 SP 之間的偏差很小 —— 那么我們就在輸出處作一個(gè)小的修改;如果PV和 SP 之間的偏差很大 那么我們就在輸出處作一個(gè)大的修改。 (滯后時(shí)間二 0,只含比例環(huán)節(jié) ) 比例、積分控制器 PID 控制器中的積分環(huán)節(jié)是用來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)純比例控制器中的補(bǔ)償問(wèn)題的。 微分控制 微分控制器考慮的是:如果你改變輸出,那么要在輸入 (PV)處反映這個(gè)改變就需要些時(shí)間。正確地設(shè)置微分系數(shù)有利于你對(duì)比例系數(shù)和積分系數(shù)的確定。 如果我們?cè)龃髿怏w的流量,那么從產(chǎn)生熱量,熱量分布烤爐的四周,到溫度傳感器檢測(cè)升高的溫度都將需要時(shí)間。這里 (Pig. 5)是比例積分控制器最初的仿真表格 (滯后時(shí)間= 0,比例常數(shù)二0. 4)。 我們?cè)?MicrosoftExcel 僅對(duì)比例控制器進(jìn)行仿真。這就抑制了某些將來(lái)的變化因?yàn)檩敵鲋狄呀?jīng)發(fā)生了改變,但并不是受過(guò)程變量的影 響。當(dāng)你剛剛加熱的時(shí)候,烤爐熱起來(lái)需要一定時(shí)間。每次我們運(yùn)行 PID 算法時(shí),我們總會(huì)把最近的誤差添加到誤差總和中。如果 PV和 SP之間偏差大 —— 那我們就在輸出時(shí)作一個(gè)大的改變。 我們主要集中在過(guò)程變量 (PV)和基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn) (SP)之間的偏差 (誤差 )上。比如,一個(gè)制冷器通常打開(kāi)它的制冷閥門的 34%,就可以維持在零度 (在制冷器關(guān)閉和溫度降低后 )。 這樣就有了兩個(gè)矛盾的目標(biāo)。因此, PID 控制器不得不提高冷度 (輸出 )來(lái)補(bǔ)償這個(gè)溫度的升高。PV 和 SP 之間偏差大還是小。 在圖 3中,閥門用來(lái)控制進(jìn)入加熱器的氣體,冷卻器的制冷,水管的壓力,水管的流量,容器的水位或其他的過(guò)程控制系統(tǒng)。在這個(gè)熱量的例子中閥門完全關(guān)閉 (0% ),完全打開(kāi) (100% )。例如,線性等等。例如,如果我們想要保持溫度為 +1 度或 — 1度,我們至少要為此努力,使其 精度保持在 0. 1度。同樣地,對(duì)于高溫,晴朗的天氣 (當(dāng)外界溫度高于加熱器時(shí) )及陰冷,多云的天氣, PID 控制器都會(huì)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)。 PID 控制器自動(dòng)地找到加熱器中氣體的合適流量,這樣就保持了溫度在基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)穩(wěn)定。對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單的控制,你使用兩個(gè)具有溫度限定功能的傳感器 (一個(gè)限定低溫,一個(gè)限定高溫 )。 (2)決策:根據(jù)測(cè)量結(jié)果,為了維持輸出為期望值,控制器必須決定如何操作。 (3)調(diào)節(jié) 器,控制系統(tǒng)的“大腦”。根據(jù)比較的結(jié)果,控制器確定保持溫度為期望值的控制作用。圖 2所示為一個(gè)可行的控制系統(tǒng)及其基本構(gòu)件。因此,我們想自動(dòng)完成這種控制。蒸汽的流量可用于偏差的校正。 只要周圍沒(méi)有熱損耗,過(guò)程流體獲得的熱量就等于蒸汽釋放的熱量,即熱交換器和管道間的隔熱性很好。 為了說(shuō)明問(wèn)題,讓我們來(lái)看一下熱交換器。s take heating of the oven. simulation chart If we start turning up the gas flow, it will take time for the heat to be produced, the heat to flow around the oven, and for the temperature sensor to detect the increased heat. Derivative control sort of holds back the PID controller because some increase in temperature will occur without needing to increase the output further. Setting the derivative constant correctly allows you to bee more aggressive with the P amp。s make a small change in the output. If there is a large difference in the PV and SPthen let39。 heating thermostats. In contrast, the PID controller would receive input as the actual temperature and control a valve that regulates the flow of gas to the heater. The PID controller automatically finds the correct (constant) flow of gas to the heater that keeps the temperature steady at the setpoint. Instead of the temperature bouncing back and forth between two points, the temperature is held steady. If the setpoint is lowered, then the PID controller automatically reduces the amount of gas flowing to the heater. If the setpoint is raised, then the PID controller automatically increases the amount of gas flowing to the heater. Likewise the PID controller would automatically for hot, sunny days (when it is hotter outside the heater) and for cold, cloudy days. The analog input (measurement) is called the process variable or PV. You want the PV to be a highly accurate indication of the process parameter you are trying to control. For example, if you want to maintain a temperature of + or one degree then we typically strive for at least ten times that or onetenth of a degree. If the analog input is a 12 bit analog input and the temperature range for the sensor is 0 to 400 degrees then our theoretical accuracy is calculated to be 400 degrees divided by 4,096 (12 bits) = degrees. [~] We say theoretical because it would assume there was no noise and error in our temperature sensor, wiring, and analog converter. There are other assumptions such as linearity, etc.. The point beingwith 1/10 of a degree theoretical accuracyeven with the usual amount of noise and other problems one degree of accuracy should easily be attainable. The analog output is often simply referred to as output
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