二級(jí)公路設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)外文翻譯-公路隧道-全文預(yù)覽
【正文】 road geometry, consider the topography, surface features, rational use of land and environmental protection factors, to make full use of the highway geometric ponents of reasonable size and the linear bination. Design The alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is mon to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves. Alignment must be consistent. Sudden changes from flat to sharp curves and long tangents followed by sharp curves must be avoided。 does the added width reach 2 ft. For narrower pavements, however, widening assumes importance even on fairly flat curves. Remended amounts of and procedures for curve widening are given in Geometric Design for Highways. 2. Grades The vertical alignment of the roadway and its effect on the safe and economical operation of the motor vehicle constitute one of the most important features of road design. The vertical alignment, which consists of a series of straight lines connected by vertical parabolic or circular curves, is known as the “grade line.” When the grade 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 專業(yè)外文翻譯 4 line is increasing from the horizontal it is known as a “plus grade,” and when it is decreasing from the horizontal it is known as a “minus grade.” In analyzing grade and grade controls, the designer usually studies the effect of change in grade on the centerline profile. In the establishment of a grade, an ideal situation is one in which the cut is balanced against the fill without a great deal of borrow or an excess of cut to be wasted. All hauls should be downhill if possible and not too long. The grade should follow the general terrain and rise and fall in the direction of the existing drainage. In mountainous country the grade may be set to balance excavation against embankment as a clue toward least overall cost. In flat or prairie country it will be approximately parallel to the ground surface but sufficiently above it to allow surface drainage and, where necessary, to permit the wind to clear drifting snow. Where the road approaches or follows along streams, the height of the grade line may be dictated by the expected level of flood water. Under all conditions, smooth, flowing grade lines are preferable to choppy ones of many short straight sections connected with short vertical curves. Changes of grade from plus to minus should be placed in cuts, and changes from a minus grade to a plus grade should be placed in fills. This will generally give a good design, and many times it will avoid the appearance of building hills and producing depressions contrary to the general existing contours of the land. Other considerations for determining the grade line may be of more importance than the balancing of cuts and fills. Urban projects usually require a more detailed study of the controls and finer adjustment of elevations than do rural projects. It is often best to adjust the grade to meet existing conditions because of the additional expense of doing otherwise. In the analysis of grade and grade control, one of the most important considerations is the effect of grades on the operating costs of the motor vehicle. An increase in gasoline consumption and a reduction in speed are apparent when grades are increase in gasoline consumption and a reduction in speed is apparent when grades are increased. An economical approach would be to balance the added annual cost of grade reduction against the added annual cost of vehicle operation without grade reduction. An accurate solution to the problem depends on the knowledge
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