建筑結(jié)構(gòu)外文翻譯-建筑結(jié)構(gòu)-全文預(yù)覽
【正文】 e carefully planned beforehand. It is generally safe to cast a hole through a solid slab by adding a few extra bars of 12 mm diameter in the concrete all round it, though when there is time, holes should be properly designed. For most multistorey buildings, because of the high cost of the land in a city , the structure itself is in a very early stage of design at a time when the foundations must be designed very quickly. The building design must, however, have processed so far that at least the positions of the columns are known, and therefore the floor spans will be fixed. The probable floor thickness can then be worked out. This will vary only slightly if at all from floor to floor, and it must be calculated as closely as possible including the topping. Generally an allowance of 13 cm of dense concrete will be enough, plus 5 cm for the topping and floor surface, making 18 cm in all. The weights of beams, columns and stairs can be regarded as included in the floor thickness allowance. If the floors are to be built with hollow tiles or with lightweight aggregate, a reduction for this should be made. The first rough calculation of the structure weight is as follows: assuming the floors are all of the same total area, and there are eight floors including one basement not suspended but resting on the soil, the total dead weight of the building including the roof will be, per m2 of building foundation, 9*18/100*= tons/m2 , the weight of 1 m3 of dense concrete being assumed to be tons/ 6 this must be added a figure for the live load. If the building is to be for housing, a live load of 190 kg/m is usually enough for the structural design of a floor and is accepted under the building bylaws of most local authorities. But these authorities never insist on the whole of this load being applied to the foundations since it is highly improbable that all the floors would be fully loaded at the same time. In any case the depth now being calculated is not subject to control by laws, and we can use any propor
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