【正文】 床身提供進(jìn)給。A modern lathe usually has a quickchange gearbox located under the headstock and driven from the spindle through a train of is connected to both the feed rod and the lead screw and enables selecting a variety of feeds easily and rapidly by simply shifting the appropriate ，通過一系列齒輪由主軸驅(qū)動。Lathe Cutting Tools車床切削刀具The shape and geometry of the lathe tools depend upon the purpose for which they are 。On the other hand, finishing tools have larger nose radii and are used for obtaining the final required dimensions with good surface finish by making slight depths of turning tools can be righthand or lefthand types, depending upon the direction of can have straight, bent, or offset ，用于通過微量進(jìn)刀深度來獲得具有較好表面光潔度的最終所需尺寸。與一般采用縱向進(jìn)給的車削作業(yè)相反，那些側(cè)表面通過采用橫向進(jìn)給產(chǎn)生。Threadcutting tools have straight shanks for external thread cutting and are of the bentshank type when cutting internal ，而車內(nèi)螺紋的螺紋切削刀具則是彎刀桿。 indicates an arrangement of this latter type, which includes the carbide tip, the chip breaker, the pad, the clamping screw(with a washer and a nut), and the ，它包括了硬質(zhì)合金刀尖、斷屑槽、襯墊、卡裝螺桿(帶有墊圈和螺母)及刀桿。Lathe Operations車床操作In the following section, we discuss the various machining operations that can be performed on a conventional engine ，要討論的是能在傳統(tǒng)普通車床上進(jìn)行的各種機(jī)加工作業(yè)。this motion is then reproduced numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion of the ：圓柱面車削是所有車床操作中最簡單也是最普通的。The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the pound rest, either manually or automatically, whereas the depth of cut is controlled by the cross ，然而切削深度則由橫向滑板控制。在端面車削操作中，進(jìn)給由橫向滑板提供，而切削深度則通過大拖板或復(fù)式刀架控制。在大多數(shù)端面車削作業(yè)中，工件被支撐在卡盤或花盤上。如果初始工件是實心的，則必須首先進(jìn)行鉆孔作業(yè)。通過搖動復(fù)式刀架操縱柄手動提供進(jìn)給。在這種情況下，機(jī)加工作業(yè)時只有橫向進(jìn)給而大拖板則夾緊在床身上。對需要較小錐角(小于8176。這種方法用于車削很長的工件，其長度大于復(fù)式刀架的整個行程。.在此作業(yè)中，能照常使用自動軸向進(jìn)給。Thread performing thread cutting, the axial feed must be kept at a constant rate, which is dependent upon the rotational speed(rpm)of the relationship between both is determined primarily by the desired pitch of the thread to be ：在螺紋切削作業(yè)時，軸向進(jìn)給必須保持恒定速率，這取決于工件的轉(zhuǎn)速(rpm)。Consequently, if the rotational speed of the lead screw is equal to that of the spindle(., that of the workpiece), the pitch of the resulting cut thread is exactly equal to that of the lead (即工件的轉(zhuǎn)速)，生成切削螺紋的節(jié)距就正好等于絲桿的節(jié)距。使用的刀具外形必須正好與要切削螺紋的輪廓一致，即三角形刀具必須用于三角形螺紋等等。This equation is useful in determining the kinematic linkage between the lathe spindle and the lead screw and enables proper selection of the gear train between ，并且提供了正確挑選它們之間輪系的方法。As previously mentioned, the axial feed is automatically generated when cutting a thread by means of the lead screw, which drives the the lead screw rotates a single revolution, the carriage travels a distance equal to the pitch of the lead ，當(dāng)依靠驅(qū)動大拖板的絲桿切削螺紋時軸向進(jìn)給是自動產(chǎn)生的。到10176。During this process, the automatic axial feed can be used as method is remended for very long workpieces with a small cone angle, ., 8176。工件安裝于兩頂尖之間；然后將尾架頂尖朝垂直于車床主軸方向移動一距離S。).The workpiece is mounted between the two centers。(2)Employing special form tools for external, very short, conical width of the workpiece must be slightly smaller than that of the tool, and the workpiece is usually held in a chuck or clamped on a face this case, only the cross feed is used during the machining process and the carriage is clamped to the machine bed.(2)對很短的外錐面采用特殊的成型刀具。Taper turning is achieved by driving the tool in a direction that is not parallel to the lathe axis but inclined to it with an angle that is equal to the desired angle of the are the different methods used in taperturning practice:錐面車削：錐面車削通過沿著與車床主軸不平行而傾斜成一個等于錐面所需角度的方向進(jìn)刀來實現(xiàn)。要采用前面已經(jīng)討論過的切斷和開槽刀具。很明顯在這兩種情況下機(jī)加工痕跡都是螺線形式。另一方面，精車則最好采用很小的進(jìn)給、較小的切削深度()和較高的切削速度。The resulting machining marks are, therefore, a helix having a very small pitch, which is equal to the , the machined surface is always ，由此產(chǎn)生的機(jī)加工痕跡是一條具有很小節(jié)距的螺旋線，該節(jié)距等于進(jìn)給。下面是傳統(tǒng)車床的操作。The carbide tips(or ceramic tips)can have different shapes, depending upon the machining operations for which they are to be tips can either be solid or with a central through hole, depending on whether brazing or mechanical clamping is employed for mounting the tip on the (或陶瓷刀尖)根據(jù)采用它們的機(jī)加工操作，可以有不同的形狀。An HSS tool is usually made in the form of a single piece, contrary to cemented carbides or ceramic, which are made in the form of latter are brazed or mechanically fastened to steel shanks．高速鋼刀具通常以單件形式制造，而硬質(zhì)合金或陶瓷刀具則以刀尖形式制造。Threadcutting tools have either triangular, square, or trapezoidal cutting edges, depending upon the cross section of the desired , the plane angles of these tools must always be identical to those of the thread ：螺紋切削刀具根據(jù)所需螺紋的橫截面，有三角形的、矩形的或梯形的切削刃。它們可以有直的、彎的或偏置的刀桿。這兩組中的每一組都包括以下類型刀具：Turning tools can be either finishing or rough turning turning tools have small nose radii and are employed when deep cuts are ：車削刀具可以是精車刀具或粗車刀具。The quickchange gearbox is employed in plain turning, facing and thread cutting that gearbox is linked to the spindle, the distance that the apron(and the cuttingtool)travels for each revolution of the spindle can be controlled and is referred to as the 、端面切削和螺旋切削作業(yè)中。On the other hand, when the feed rod is used, it supplies power to the apron through a worm latter is keyed to the feed rod and travels with the apron along the feed rod, which has a keyway extending to cover its whole ，當(dāng)使用光桿時則通過蝸輪給溜板箱提供動力。在其余車削作業(yè)中，都由光桿驅(qū)動大拖板。The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and/or cross is actually an Hshaped block that slides on the lathebed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the Vshaped guideways of the ：大拖板的主要功能是安裝刀具和產(chǎn)生縱向和/或橫向進(jìn)給。第三部分，套筒軸是一淬硬鋼管，它能根據(jù)需要在尾架體中縱向進(jìn)出移動。主軸外表面是螺紋可以安裝卡盤、花盤或類似的裝置。有些現(xiàn)代車床具有采用摩擦、電力或液壓驅(qū)動的無級調(diào)速主軸箱。車床床身的高度應(yīng)適當(dāng)以讓技師容易而舒適地工作。這些特性可以通過普通車床這一最常用的代表性類型來最好地說明。但初步結(jié)果看來是有前途的。離子注入和金屬表面之間的錯配產(chǎn)生了硬化表面的原子瑕疵。它們能在不改變表面尺寸的情況下改變表面性能。PlasmaAssisted CVD coating process can be performed at lower temperature than diamond CVD CVD process is used to apply diamond coatings or silicon carbi