【正文】 13）漢譯英：我原以為你今天有空的。例如：14）He thought he was working for the people．15）I heard she had been to the Great W all．16）John hoped that he would find a job soon．但賓語(yǔ)從句如果表示定理法則、永恒真理等，則不變化：17）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句內(nèi)容提要定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)成分，定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語(yǔ)，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來(lái)的位置，根據(jù)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括all, anything, much等，這時(shí)的that常被省略，分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句〔注〕值得一提的是，表示時(shí)間“time“一詞的定語(yǔ)從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two still remember the first time I met time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush ，修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí)，常用there is來(lái)引導(dǎo)二、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立，that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at whichAttitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have ，這與人們對(duì)夜間做夢(mèng)的看法的變化有非常相似之處。狀語(yǔ)從句分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，原因狀語(yǔ)從句，條件狀語(yǔ)從句以及行為方式狀語(yǔ)從句。I like the music for the very reason that(for which)he dislike ，而他恰恰與我相反。狀語(yǔ)從句可分為：；(adverbial clause of time)；(adverbial clause of place)；(adverbial clause of cause)；(adverbial clause of condition)；(adverbial clause of purpose)；(adverbial clause of concession)；(adverbial clause of parison)；(adverbial clause of degree)；(adverbial clause of manner)。（這是由as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞arrive是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)，決不可用will arrive）As soon as I have finished this work, I will go ，就回家。例如：When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know ，你就是在開始知道一些事物了。Our headmaster laughed as she 。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞)When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for ，我常常為他擔(dān)水。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.(was reading是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，was reading和was watching同時(shí)發(fā)生)I like playing football while you like playing ，而你喜歡打籃球。（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時(shí)間）。After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。My father had left for Canada just before the letter 。（從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）。t go to bed until（till）my father came 。t work until he came 。一般情況下，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。It is five months since our boss was in 。The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the ，馬上趕到了出事地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時(shí)，主句應(yīng)用倒裝語(yǔ)序。He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his 。By the time you e here tomorrow, I will have finished this ，我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了。s about to tell a “說(shuō)實(shí)在話”的時(shí)候，我猜想他就要說(shuō)謊了。例如：You can go where you like as long as you get back before ，只要在天黑以前回來(lái)就行?！咀⒁狻看司湫屯ǔＷg成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在從句后面時(shí)，there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時(shí)，一般都不用there。You should have put the book where you found 。而wherever本身就是個(gè)連詞，表示“在何處，無(wú)論何處”。, our new teacher, is very kind to 。s是受詞Tom的同位語(yǔ),指同一人。himself和John都是單一的字作同位語(yǔ),與其同位成分之間不用逗點(diǎn)隔開。We Chinese people are brave and 。例如:I will never forget the day when we first met.（同位語(yǔ)從句, when為連接詞）That is the special day(which/that)I will never forget.（定語(yǔ)從句，which/that為關(guān)系副詞）This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago.（同位語(yǔ)從句, where為連接詞）This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago.（定語(yǔ)從句，where為關(guān)系副詞）區(qū)分表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句從句是相對(duì)于主句而言的，即它是從屬于某一個(gè)主句，而不能單獨(dú)作一個(gè)句子。如：Do you know where he lives?表語(yǔ)從句用作表語(yǔ)，如：My opinion is that you should not go 。如：The student who answered the question was ，如：When it rains, I usually go to school by ，我通常坐公共汽車上學(xué)。主句和從句的劃分方法是相同的。He likes playing football very ，he是主語(yǔ)，likes是謂語(yǔ)，playing football是賓語(yǔ)，very much是狀語(yǔ)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面的部分是主語(yǔ)，后面常接賓語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的是狀語(yǔ)，修飾主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)的是定語(yǔ)，若謂語(yǔ)是系動(dòng)詞，則系動(dòng)詞后的部分是表語(yǔ)。（if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：if +狀語(yǔ)從句，＋主句）。如：The fact that the earth is round is 。主語(yǔ)從句用作主語(yǔ)，如：：That the earth is round is 。同位從句一般跟在某些名詞如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事實(shí))，belief(信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；觀念)，promise(承諾)，information(信息)，conclusion(結(jié)論)，order(命令)，suggestion(建議)，problem(問(wèn)題)，thought(想法)等后面。 English teacher,同位語(yǔ)與其同位成分之間可用逗點(diǎn)隔開。如同位語(yǔ)對(duì)其同位成分只作補(bǔ)充解釋時(shí)可用逗點(diǎn)隔開。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother39。同位語(yǔ)與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地點(diǎn)從句，＋主句。They were good they went, there they were warmly 。三 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句167。 long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on ，總是來(lái)看我。注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下，如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to mence ，他就起床勞動(dòng)去了?！咀⒁狻縣ardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當(dāng)于as soon as之意。這些連詞都表示“一……就”。例如：I have been in Beijing since you ，我一直在北京了。I worked until he came 。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達(dá)的意思不同。After you think it over, please let me know what you ，告訴我你是怎樣決定的。例如：It will be four days before they e 。還要注意主句和從句之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。例如：We always sing as we 。While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)）。并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。Will you watch my clothes while I have a ，請(qǐng)你照看一下我的衣服。（從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用es back,表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)，決不可用will e back）二 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句167。2狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn)一般情況下，時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來(lái)時(shí)”，用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來(lái)完成時(shí)”。，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物狀語(yǔ)從句167。一、限定性定語(yǔ)從句，which代表事物；它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)則不能省略。We arrived the day that(on which)they 。名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句及there be句型。這種時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，如果主句謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不受限制，如上述例句2），3），7），8），10），11），12）。第三關(guān)，注意時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)。這里特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，它的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序是陳述句的語(yǔ)序，不是疑問(wèn)句的倒裝語(yǔ)序。（where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，修飾got，意為“哪里；什么地方”。）3．連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which：它們起連接作用，作句子成分，各有其自己的意義。t know if／whether his grandpa liked the present．作“是否”解的if和whether在具體用法上差別較大，同學(xué)們不易掌握。ve passed the exam． 2．連詞whether或if：它們起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口語(yǔ)中多用if。學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句并不難，只要你能過(guò)好下面的三道關(guān)：第一關(guān)，選好連接詞（也有人叫關(guān)聯(lián)詞）。分別等于：no matter what, no matter how no matter where, no matter when二賓語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu):主句+that（可有可無(wú)）+肯定句結(jié)構(gòu):主句+if+一般疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu):主句+疑問(wèn)詞+肯定句。但句后不能再用but。無(wú)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表結(jié)果。when, while后可以接分詞短語(yǔ)?！?結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+（連接詞）+賓語(yǔ)從句（用陳述句語(yǔ)序）Do y