土木工程專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯(文件)
【正文】 sive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special builtup members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh. 3 Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a petitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings. Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were spaced at () centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the (20cm) flatplate concrete slabs. Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings bines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (), known as the tubeintube system, made it possible to design the world39。 高層建筑早期的發(fā) 展開始于鋼結(jié)構(gòu) 。過度的側(cè)移可能導(dǎo)致隔墻，天花板和其他建筑細(xì)部的重復(fù)性損害。圖一中的曲線 A 采用層逐漸增加的數(shù)量表現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)框架的平均單位重。 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)體系 。為了將一個(gè)框架結(jié)構(gòu)的外柱約束于內(nèi)部的垂直梁架 ,可能在建筑物中部和頂部采用一個(gè)剛性帶式桁架的系統(tǒng)。這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)體系第一次大概是用于芝加哥的 43 層樓高的 德威 6 特栗木 鋼筋混凝土 公寓。這種簡(jiǎn)單而又極其有用的系統(tǒng)最早被用于芝加哥的約翰漢考克中心，其僅僅使用了傳統(tǒng)的 40層樓高建筑的用鋼量 組合筒體（束筒） 。西爾斯塔高 1450 英尺（ 442m），是世界上最高的建筑。薄殼筒的進(jìn)步是利用（高層）建筑的外表面（墻和板）作為與框筒共同作用的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件，為高層建筑抵抗側(cè)向荷載提供了一個(gè)有效的 途徑，而且可獲得不設(shè)柱子，節(jié)省成本，使用面積與建筑面積之比很高的室內(nèi)空間。這種結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)被使用于 54 層樓高的匹茲堡的梅隆銀行中心。由上面討論到的， 高層建筑最早的框架筒體概念應(yīng)用于 43層樓高的德威特栗木 公寓。這種體系由間距很小的柱子構(gòu)成的外框架筒與圍繞中心設(shè)備區(qū)的剛性剪力墻內(nèi)筒組成。在新奧爾良的一個(gè) 52 層樓高的殼廣場(chǎng)建筑便是以這一體系為基礎(chǔ)。 結(jié)合混凝土和 鋼的體系也得到發(fā)展，這方面的一個(gè)例子是由 Skidmore, Ow
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