【正文】 eria: light peration (photic and aphotic zones), distance from shore and water depth (littoral and limic zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic zone). Figure , b Littoral zone 延岸區(qū) Limic zone 湖沼區(qū) Photic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone 潮間帶 Intertidal zone Neritic zone Oceanic zone 0 200 m Continental shelf Photic zone Pelagic zone Aphotic zone Benthic zone 2,500–6,000 m 深海區(qū) Abyssal zone (deepest regions of ocean floor) 透光區(qū) 底棲區(qū) 無光區(qū) 遠(yuǎn)洋區(qū) 湖泊的分層 海洋的分層 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Estuaries (河口 ) Figure . An estuary in a low coastal plain of Geia Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Marine benthic zone (底棲區(qū) ) Figure . A deepsea hydrothermal vent munity 深海噴泉群落 Copyright 169。C) 100 200 300 400 30 15 0 ?15 針葉林 極地與高山苔原 溫帶森林 年 平 均 溫 年平均雨量 熱帶森林 草原 沙膜 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Desert (沙漠 ) Figure . The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Coniferous forest (針葉林 ) Figure . Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 謝謝觀看 /歡迎下載 BY FAITH I MEAN A VISION OF GOOD ONE CHERISHES AND THE ENTHUSIASM THAT PUSHES ONE TO SEEK ITS FULFILLMENT REGARDLESS OF OBSTACLES. BY FAITH I BY FAITH 。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Tundra (苔原 ) Figure . Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Chaparral (夏旱灌叢 ) Figure . An area of chaparral in California Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings General Features (特徵 ) of Terrestrial Biomes ? Terrestrial biomes (陸域生物相 ) – Are often named for major physical or climatic factors and for their predominant vegetation (優(yōu)勢植被 ) ? Vertical stratification (垂直分層 ) – Is an important feature of terrestrial biomes – Canopy(林冠 ), lowtree stratum(矮樹層 ), shrub understory(灌叢 ), ground layer of herbaceous plant(地面草本植物層 ), forest floor(森林地表 ) (litter layer落葉層 ), root layer(根層 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Concept : Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes (氣候主要決定陸域生物相的分佈與結(jié)構(gòu) ) ? Climate (氣候 ) – Is particularly important in determining why particular terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Oceanic pelagic biome (大洋區(qū)生物相 ) Figure . Open ocean off the island of Hawaii Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Wetlands (溼地 ) Figure . Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Geia Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The distribution of major aquatic biomes ? The examination of biomes (生物相 ) will begin with Earth’s aquatic biomes Figure 30?N Tropic of Cancer Equator 30?S Continental shelf Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic zone Estuaries Intertidal zone Abyssal zone (below oceanic pelagic zone) 深海區(qū) Key Tropic of Capricorn Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microclimate (微氣候 ) ? Microclimate – Is determined by finescale differences in abiotic factors Copyright 169。C and sinks below the cooler layers immediately below, eliminating the thermal stratification. Spring winds mix the water to great depth, bringing oxygen (O2) to the bottom waters (see graphs) and nutrients to the surface. 1. In winter, the coldest water in the lake (0176。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bodies of Water ? Oceans and their currents, and large lakes moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments Figure . Moderating effects of large bodies of water on climate. This figure illustrates what happens on a warm summer day. 3. Cooler air sinks over water 2. Air cools at high elevation. 1. Warm air over land rises. 4. Cool air over water moves inland, replacing rising warm air over land. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Global air circulation and precipitation patterns ? Air circulation and wind patterns play major parts in determining the Earth’s climate patterns Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture 0? Arid zone Tropics 60?N 30?N 0? (equator) 30?S 60?S Figure Arid zone 乾燥區(qū) 乾燥區(qū) 熱帶區(qū) 下降的乾空氣吸收水氣 下降的乾空氣吸收水氣 上升的溼空氣釋出水氣 靠近赤道的 空氣循環(huán)與降雨 全球氣流循環(huán) 因加熱而移動的空氣在赤道兩側(cè)產(chǎn)生三個主要的空氣循環(huán) ，在每一個循環(huán)胞內(nèi)，上升的空氣質(zhì) (藍(lán)色 )以降雨方式釋出水氣，而下降的空氣 (褐色 )則吸收水氣，產(chǎn)生乾燥的環(huán)境。 neither pole tilts toward sun。 summer begins in Northern Hemisphere。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Macroclimate and microclimate (巨氣候與微氣候 ) ? Climate patterns can be described on two scales – Macroclimate (巨氣候 ), patterns on the global, regional, and local level – Microclimate (微氣候 ), very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the munity of anisms underneath a fallen log Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sunlight ?