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nated project sponsor. However, if the approved capital request includes allowances such as a Management Reserve, this may or may not be passed on to the project39。s deliverables, or senior management simply has higher priorities elsewhere for the available resources and funding.The Project39。s sponsor will either draw down on the management reserve in his or her possession, or submit a supplementary RFA to upper management.? Now that we have the Project Budget money allocated to Work Packages we can further distribute it amongst the various activities of each WP so that we know how much money we have as a Baseline cost for each activity.? This provides us with the base of reference for the cost control function. Of course, depending on the circumstances the same thing may be done at the WP level but the ability to control is then at a higher and coarser level.Use of the Earned Value technique? If we have the necessary details another control tool that we can adopt for monitoring ongoing work is the Earned Value (EV) technique. This is a considerable art and science that you must learn about from texts dedicated to the subject.? But essentially, you take the costs of the schedule activities and plot them as a cumulative total on the appropriate time base. Again you can do this at the activity level, WP level or the whole project level. The lower the level the more control information you have available but the more work you get involved in.The Cost Baseline? This planned reference Scurve is sometimes referred to as the Cost Baseline, typically in EVparlance. That is, it is the Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS), or more simply the Planned Value (PV).? Observe that you need to modify this Cost Baseline every time there is an approved scope change that has cost and/or schedule implications and consequently changes the project39。s what project managers are hired for, right?中文譯文:項(xiàng)目成本控制:它的工作方式我們在最近的咨詢?nèi)蝿?wù)中意識到,對于整個項(xiàng)目成本控制體系是如何設(shè)置和應(yīng)用的這個問題,我們?nèi)杂幸恍┤狈α私?。然后,按照工作的進(jìn)展,監(jiān)察工作,分析結(jié)果顯示,預(yù)測最終結(jié)果并與參考基線作比較。但是通過項(xiàng)目數(shù)量未能控制成本,證明在實(shí)踐中,項(xiàng)目成本控制是很難真正實(shí)施的。所有這些都有助于提高該組織有效地控制項(xiàng)目成本的能力。他們還必須認(rèn)識到,至少對最明顯的潛在危險事件,用于查明和規(guī)劃掌管關(guān)閉的項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險管理的的重要性。?企業(yè)的商業(yè)案例的準(zhǔn)備工作成本通常包括管理開銷,但它可結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)為最終項(xiàng)目的會計(jì)成本。?在正式的設(shè)置,尤其是在涉及大項(xiàng)目中,這個撥款申請通常簡稱為(大寫)(RFA)撥款或資本撥款請求(CAR)。?每個的WP涉及的一系列活動,計(jì)劃和計(jì)劃的一部分作為“工作” 項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃。這種方法作為“詳細(xì)估算”或“自下而上估算”而為人知曉。這應(yīng)該檢查該項(xiàng)目的假設(shè)和環(huán)境條件,以確定該計(jì)劃中的任何弱點(diǎn),到目前為止,并找出值得注意緩解這些潛在的風(fēng)險事件。?此外,財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)格式轉(zhuǎn)換成估算數(shù)據(jù)可能是必要的,以滿足有目的的企業(yè)或贊助商的形式與其他項(xiàng)目比較和隨之而來的撥款。注:有些管理層將批準(zhǔn)錯誤地認(rèn)為,大家以“提升他們的鉛筆”和“更聰明地工作”為組織的利益,這將有助于較小的總和。但說句公道話,管理者也很清楚,如果超過分配資金,無論如何它會得到花費(fèi)。 ?對于所批準(zhǔn)的RFA消融,反過來,項(xiàng)目發(fā)起人會進(jìn)一步委托該項(xiàng)目的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理行使開支的權(quán)力,并可能將不包括任何津貼。該項(xiàng)目的執(zhí)行階段項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的項(xiàng)目預(yù)算的責(zé)任?該批準(zhǔn)的項(xiàng)目預(yù)算一旦被釋放到項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理,一個反向的過程中必須轉(zhuǎn)換成一個工作的控制文件的地方。?在不同的企業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門都參與其中的大型項(xiàng)目中,可能有進(jìn)一步創(chuàng)建“控制賬戶”為獨(dú)立的部門的中間步驟,讓他們的錢分到到自己的WBS WPS。?現(xiàn)在,我們有項(xiàng)目預(yù)算資金分配工作包,我們可以進(jìn)一步把它分發(fā)到每個WP的各項(xiàng)活動之中,讓我們知道作為一個“基準(zhǔn)”,每個活動的成本是多少。這是一個你必須致力于了解主題文本的藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。也就是說,它是“預(yù)算成本計(jì)劃的工作”(BCWS),或者更簡單的“計(jì)劃價值”(光伏)。評論這整個過程是一個循環(huán),運(yùn)行態(tài)勢,這可能是普遍名不副實(shí)“項(xiàng)目的生命周期”中“循環(huán)”一詞的來源”。他們是有用的,除非你能認(rèn)識到它的限制和知道你在做什么!但是,正如我們在開始時說的,它在實(shí)踐中是很困難實(shí)施的,同時涉及大量的工作。選管會是你真正應(yīng)該感興趣的,因?yàn)樵谶\(yùn)動項(xiàng)目中,它是唯一不變的。?現(xiàn)在,隨著工作的進(jìn)展,你可以繪制“執(zhí)行工作的實(shí)際成本”(ACWP或簡單的“實(shí)際成本” 交流)。再次,你可以做的活動水平,或整個項(xiàng)目的水平越低,您可用的控制信息就越多。當(dāng)然,這取決于,做同樣的事情可能在WP的水平,但控制的能力在較高和粗糙的水平的情況下。通常這是在改變產(chǎn)品范圍的基礎(chǔ)上唯一合理可接受的要求。這個結(jié)果作用于項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行控制預(yù)算或項(xiàng)目基線預(yù)算,或簡單地說,項(xiàng)目預(yù)算。?因此凈總和抵達(dá)構(gòu)成了項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的核準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)目預(yù)算。核準(zhǔn)資本的所有權(quán)?如果高級管理層批準(zhǔn)的RFA消融,提出問題的總和成為指定項(xiàng)目發(fā)起人的責(zé)任。因此,其效果是更有可能導(dǎo)致對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,降低產(chǎn)品范圍或功能不利影響的“切角”。在這種情況下,替代的估算方法是在時尚中通