【正文】 sasters. This guideline defines the minimum standards for water, sanitation, health, shelter, food security, nutrition, shelter and settlement.4 Quality Characteristics All material or services have characteristics that facilitate the identification of its quality. The characteristics are part of the conditions of how the material, equipment and services are able to meet the requirements of the project and are fit for use by the beneficiaries. Quality characteristics relate to the attributes, measures and methods attached to that particular product or service.? Functionality is the degree, by which equipment performs its intended function, this is important especially for clinical equipment, that the operation should be behave as expected. ? Performance, its how well a product or service performs the beneficiaries intended use. A water system should be designed to support extreme conditions and require little maintenance to reduce the cost to the munity and increase its sustainability. ? Reliability, it ’s the ability of the service or product to perform as intended under normal conditions without unacceptable failures. Material used for blood testing should be able to provide the information in a consistent and dependable manner that will help identify critical diseases. The trust of the beneficiaries depend on the quality of the tests ? Relevance, it ’s the characteristic of how a product or service meets the actual needs of the beneficiaries, it should be pertinent, applicable, and appropriate to its intended use or application? Timeliness, how the product or service is delivered in time to solve the problems when its needed and not after, this is a crucial characteristic for health and emergency relief work ? Suitability, defines the fitness of its use, it appropriateness and correctness, the agriculture equipment must be designed to operate on the soul conditions the beneficiaries will use it on. ? Completeness, the quality that the service is plete and includes all the entire scope of services. Training sessions should be plete and include all the material needed to build a desired skill or knowledge ? Consistency, services are delivered in the same way for every beneficiary. Clinical tests need to be done using the same procedure for every patient. Quality characteristics are not limited to the material, equipment or service delivered to the beneficiaries, but also applies to the material, equipment and services the project staff uses to deliv。 by defining the individual characteristics and determine one or more metrics that can be collected to mirror the characteristic. For instance, one of the features of a quality product may be that it has a minimum amount of errors. This characteristic can be measured by counting errors and defects after the product is used.Quality management is not an event it is a process, a consistently high quality product or service cannot be produced by a defective process. Quality management is a repetitive cycle of measuring quality, updating processes, measuring, updating processes until the desired quality is achieved.2 The Purpose of Management of Quality The main principle of project quality management is to ensure the project will meet or exceed stake holder’s needs and expectations. The project team must develop a good relationship with key stakeholders, specially the donor and the beneficiaries of the project, to understand what quality means to them. One of the causes for poor project evaluations is the project focuses only in meeting the written requirements for the main outputs and ignores other stakeholder needs and expectations for the project. Quality must be viewed on an equal level with scope, schedule and budget. If a project donor is not satisfied with the quality of how the project is delivering the outes, the project team will need to make adjustments to scope, schedule and budget to satisfy the donor’s needs and expectations. To deliver the project scope on time and on budget is not enough, to achieve stakeholder satisfaction the project must develop a good working relationship with all stakeholders and understand their stated or implied needs. Project management consists of four main processes: ? Quality Definition ? Quality Assurance ? Quality Control ? Quality ImprovementsThe first step on the quality management is to define quality, the project manager and the team must identify what quality standards will be used in the project, it will look at what the donor, beneficiaries, the organization and other key stakeholders to e up with a good definition of quality. In some instances the organization or the 9area of specialization of the project (health, water or education) may have some standard definitions of quality that can be used by the project.Identifying quality standards is a key ponent of quality definition that will help identify the key characteristics that will govern project activities and ensure the beneficiaries and donor will accept the project outes.Quality management implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions that will help bring the desired outes. The goal is the prevention of defects through the creation of actions that will ensure that the project team understands what is defined as quality.3 Sources of Quality Definition One source for definition of quality es from the donor。9 外文原文Project quality management外文原文全部采用Times New Roman字體，題目也是pm4dev, 2008 management for development series 169。持續(xù)改進，以工程質(zhì)量總是集中在通過過程的持續(xù)和漸進的改進提高了利益相關(guān)者的滿意度，包括任何不必要的活動取消。例如確定受益人的數(shù)據(jù)項目組確定了五個原因，每個原因它們包含錯誤的頻率誤差的數(shù)據(jù)收集，繪制如圖所示，酒吧代表每個類別和線的誤差圖，可以識別80%的錯誤可能是只有通過提高兩類而不是集中努力改正所有類別的數(shù)據(jù)集減少。因此，最外層的樹枝通常表明問題的根源。石川圖采用問題解決團隊作為一種工具，組裝所有輸入（為他們解決這個問題的原因是什么）系統(tǒng)和圖形，與輸入通常來自一個頭腦風暴會議。返工是昂貴的，為什么這個項目必須盡一切努力在質(zhì)量計劃和質(zhì)量保證避免需要返工工作做好。它是過程監(jiān)控具體的項目結(jié)果，確定其是否符合相關(guān)標準和識別不同的方法來消除對績效不理想的原因。質(zhì)量保證是必須計劃一個項目從最早的階段，在每個階段采取適當?shù)拇胧?。目標在一個可衡量的和負責任的利益相關(guān)方的期望是過程超過提供的質(zhì)量保證。處理