【正文】 nt of the beliefs of others. 4. Pututans‘ lives were disciplined and hard. 5. Putitan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of wrathful God and to fet His mercy. 第二章 The Literature of Reason And Revolution Historical Inroduction 15 By the mideighteenth century colonial America was no longer a group of scattered, struggling settlements. It was a series of neighboring, flourishing colonies with rapidly expanding, mixed populations. The growth, particularly the industrial groowth, led to intense strain with England. In the seventies of the 18th century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their nother country. The War for Independence last for 8 years . the spiritual life in the colonies during that period was to a great degree moulded by the bourgeois Enlightenment. Benjamin Franklin(17061790) 1. Franklin is the only good American author before the Revolutionary War. 2. His best writing if found in his ―Autobiography‖. 3. Works: ―The Autobiography‖ Thoma Jefferson(17431826) Works: The Declaration of Independence Chapter III The Literature of Romanticism Historical Introduction 1. The attitudes of america‘s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the ramantic traditions of Europe. A new romanticism had appeared in England in the last years of the wighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to america early in the nieenth century. 2. Romantic values were prominent in american plitics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. 3. Transcendentalism 4.。 Robert Frost（包括他的詩歌分析，他的詩歌的含義以及風(fēng)格）。 第三章： The Literature of Romanticism 1. 了解 Romanticism 的概念 2. 對(duì) Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe , ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville 這幾位對(duì)美國文學(xué)做出了杰出貢獻(xiàn)的作家，一定要對(duì)其姓名，作品，以及相關(guān)的文學(xué)評(píng)論有所了解。在教學(xué)中以講授作品，作家介紹為主。 I) Robert Burns 記熟 ―Red red rose‖ 例題（詩歌這種形式出這樣的題比較多）： ―Till a‘ the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi‘ the sun! And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o‘life shall run.‖ (1) Identify the poem and the poet. (2) Interpret the meaning of this stanza. (3) From the characteristics of this stanza, we can deduce which period it belongs to. Answer: (1) Burns‘ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ (2) The theme of it is permanent love, which itself is deep, genuine and natural (3) Romanticism 2) Wordsworth: the representative poet of passive romanticism, Poet Laureate(桂冠詩人 ) of England. .The publication of the ―Lyrical Ballads‖ marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the ―Lake poets‖. 記熟 ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖ 及注釋、主題 ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖ is regarded as the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth‘s poetic belifs. 3） Byron: (1) He created ―Byronic Hero‖ in his works. (2)―The Isles of Greece‖ In this poem, the poet describes Greece with deep passion. He laments her fallen state and speaks of her foreman‘s glory and power, her brave men and heroic deeds. With strong passion he tries to arouse the Greek people‘s patriotic feelings so that they might rise against the Turkish invasion. 記熟 ―The Isles of Greece‖ 及注釋 4） Shelley ―Ode to the West Wind‖ is one of the most prized of Shelley‘s shorter lyrics. In this poem, Shelly eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. The main theme of the poem is his call for political and social reform. 11 記熟 ―Ode to the West Wind‖ 及注釋 5） The major novelists of the English Romantic Period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. VI. The Victorian Period(這一章著重于小說，注意小說的主題是什么，主角是誰，主角的人物分析 ) of this age: 1) an age of prose Since the wide spread of education, the number of readers has increased and it is the age of newspapers, magazines, and modern novels. Newspapers, magazines are about the world‘s daily life, and novels are the most pleasant form of literature entertainment, as well as the most successful method of presenting modern problems and modern ideals. 2) an age emphasized the moral purpose The prose seems to depart from the purely artistic standard of art for art‘s sake and to be actuated by a definite moral purpose, and the novel seems to sweep away error and to reveal the underlying truth of human life. So Victorian Age is emphatically an age of realism rather than of romance, which strives to tell the whole truth, showing moral and physical diseases as they are, and holding up health and hope as the normal conditions of humanity. 3) an age of doubt and pessimism Because the scientific discovery and especially the Evolution give people a new conception of man and of the universe, it is customary to speak of this age as an age of doubt and pessimism. Charles Dickens: He is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. The theme of his novels He has a serious intention to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. In his work, he attempts to call people‘s attention to the existing social problem and thus bring about some reform or Oliver Twist: In this noval,Dickens gives a truthful presentation of the sufferance of the poor,and makes a plete exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the mask of philanthropy. 1) The Brontes Charlotte wrote The Professor and Jane Eyre, Anne wrote Agnes Grey., and Emily wrote Wuthering Heights. The analysis of Eyre: Eyre herself is Charlotte, little, longsuffering, shy, repressed, a smouldering volcano of