【正文】 r with less than full user involvement.(user free) ? Evaluation with full user involvement. (user involved) ? 評估自動化系統(tǒng)有許多方法，但可歸納成兩類： 用者參與的評估方法； 。 ? One useful tool that can be used in the selection of systems is a checklist to determine the features present in a particular system or, more particularly, to pare the characteristics of two or more systems. ? 這類的評估通常會使用 Checklist 工具，以呈現(xiàn)特定系統(tǒng)的特性或比較兩個系統(tǒng)之間的特色。對多個系統(tǒng)的比較上，它協(xié)助定義不同系統(tǒng)間的特色差異，並找出強勢與弱點。 。 control。在他的研究中 checklist總共收集了 120因素，並予以歸類聚集成十大類別之中。 ； 。 。 ? At times, public or staff users identify problems or make suggestions for system changes designed to refine its operation or its interaction with users. The feedback for making these changes can e from word of mouth or from the periodic review of performance logs generated by the system. ? 職員或使用者所找出的問題或建議可於系統(tǒng)功能或設計上予以進行修正或加強，而這些回饋意見的收集可以透過口頭、文字或系統(tǒng)記錄分析獲得。 ? Userinvolved Evaluation: For over twenty years, a growing body of research based on information science and cognitive psychology has been performed to gain a better understanding of how users interact with systems, and how the results of that interaction can be evaluated. One practical goal of this type of research is to collect and analyze information that can be fed back into better system design. ? 使用者參與的評估：資訊科學與認知心理學人機互動的研究於近廿年來有長足的進步，甚至對於互動結果亦可進一步進行評估。這種觀察法使用者不會被問及有關使用系統(tǒng)的任何問題，而這主要的目的在於讓使用者處於自然的環(huán)境下，評估使用者的活動。至少有三種方式是可行的：直接檢視交易記錄檔、直接觀察使用者在終端機操作的情形、或者以影音錄製使用者使用系統(tǒng)績效的情形。 ? An annotated bibliography by Peters et al.(1993b) and a review article by Simpson (1989) serve as two excellent sources of further information about TLA. ? 使用 TLA的著名文獻有 Peters et al.(1993b) 以及 Simpson(1989)是兩篇相當優(yōu)秀參考來源，可以做為未來的 TLA研究。甚至對圖書館人員及管理者而言缺乏時間去分析這項的訊息。 ? Although it is rarely acknowledge, direct observation is perhaps one of the most monly employed techniques for collecting information about online system users. Critics often suggest that observation is an unscientific way of gathering only the information needed to support one’s own views. The technique need not be flawed。 ? It is important to employ valid sampling techniques in conjunction with observation in order to obtain reliable data on which management decisions can be based. For examples, if one wants to know how many times users have to wait in line to use terminals in the reference room, one obviously cannot rely solely on the observations of a single librarian who only staffs the reference desk fifteen hours per week, between 8 . and 5 ., Monday through Friday. Direct observation can be useful, only its own or to supplement other methods, when appropriate sampling methods are employed and input is received from more than one observer. ? 使用直接觀察法必須結合其他的抽樣技術以得到可靠性的資料，這樣方能提供管理決策使用。這樣的技術已被使用為評估是否使用者的認知或態(tài)度會影響搜尋結果其效率與否。 ? In parison with questionnaires and transaction log analysis, interviews can provide a more intimate view of the user’s perspective on the system under examination. ? 相較於問卷調查及線上交易記錄分析，訪談法可以提供使用者對系統(tǒng)更詳細更深入的觀點。 ? Some online systems offer the option for users to send unsolicited ments to librarians or system designers. In some cases, system administrators post an address to encourage users to report bugs or anomalies they encounter while searching the system. Therefore, the ment option is a valuable tool in problem identification. Current systems monly offer an option that enables users to send mail message from within the system to system administrators or other staff who work closely with various aspects of the catalog. ? 某些線上系統(tǒng)提供使用者傳送自發(fā)性的建議給館員或系統(tǒng)設計者。這種情況可由一連串的原因觀察得到。但報表上的系統(tǒng)資源使用率資訊必須經(jīng)過仔細的分析及轉換才能提供圖書館管理者有用的資訊。 。再者圖書館組織是否應持續(xù)地進行評估，在政策面亦不明朗因為這牽涉到年度預算、設備軟體及合約服務期限等問題。當電腦效能的管理與圖書館管理分開時，要建立系統(tǒng)績效的影響因素關連圖時是相關困難，更不用說當問題發(fā)生時會