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電大《流行病學(xué)》期末重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄【微縮打印版】-最新電大流行病學(xué)考試必備小抄(文件)

 

【正文】 aRR 為負(fù)混雜,即 cRR 低估了聯(lián)系強(qiáng)度 。2)匹配的方法 即為研究對(duì)象選擇對(duì)照時(shí),使對(duì)照組成員在可能引起混雜偏倚的一個(gè)或多個(gè)因素上與對(duì)照組保持一致,從而消除混雜因素對(duì)研究結(jié)的影響。 3. 資料分析階段 主要是控制混雜偏倚。 ( 4)配比分析 配比設(shè)計(jì)的資料應(yīng)按配比分析法分析。 爆發(fā)類(lèi)型 : ( 1)同源性爆發(fā) 指某易感人群中的成員暴露于某共同病原體或污染源而引起的爆發(fā)。通常先發(fā)生一次同源爆發(fā),然后通過(guò)人與 人之間的傳播繼續(xù)流行。 病因模型: 病因模型是反映病因與疾病之間相互關(guān)系的。 求異法 兩組人群在某病的發(fā)病率上有明顯差異,同時(shí)在某因素的暴露上也存在明顯差異,則該因素可能是該病的病因。 病因的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 關(guān)聯(lián)的時(shí)間順序 “ 因 ” 在前, “ 果 ” 在后,這是判斷因果關(guān)聯(lián)的一個(gè) 必要條件 ,但在先的卻不一定是因,如兩者之間還要有一定的潛伏期。但劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系有時(shí)只在一定的劑量范圍內(nèi)存在。 關(guān)聯(lián)的合理性 指兩者的關(guān)聯(lián)在醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué)上是否言之有理。這是傳染病病因認(rèn)識(shí)中的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。 第十章 疾病預(yù)防策略與措施 一級(jí)預(yù)防 : 是在疾病尚未發(fā)生時(shí)針對(duì)治病因子、可疑致病因子或因素所采取的措施,也是 預(yù)防疾病的發(fā)生和消滅疾病的根本措施。 舉例 冠心病的三級(jí)預(yù)防: 高血壓、吸煙、高膽固醇血癥為已知的三大危險(xiǎn)因素。 消毒的含義 : 指應(yīng)用化學(xué)、物理或生物的方法殺滅或消除環(huán)境中致病性微生物。 目的是消滅傳染源排出的病原體。 疾病的監(jiān)測(cè) : 指長(zhǎng)期、連續(xù)、系統(tǒng)地收集疾病動(dòng)態(tài)分布及其影響因素的資料,經(jīng)過(guò)整理、分析將信息及時(shí)上報(bào)和反饋,以便及時(shí)采取干 預(yù)措施并評(píng)價(jià)其效果。 潛伏期 : 指病原體從侵入機(jī)體至臨床癥狀出現(xiàn)的這段時(shí)間。 件: ( 1)傳染源被移走(住院或死亡)或消除了排出病原體的狀態(tài);( 2)通過(guò)各種措施消滅了傳染源排于外環(huán)境的病原體;( 3)所有易感接觸者經(jīng)該病最長(zhǎng)潛伏期觀察,無(wú)新病例、新感染發(fā)生。 突發(fā)事件: 突然發(fā)生,造成或者可能造成社會(huì)公眾健康嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的重大傳染病疫情、群體性不明原因疾病、 重大食物和職業(yè)中毒以及其他嚴(yán)重影響公眾健康的事件。s 72hour visafree policy has attracted wide attention from both Chinese and foreign experts and businessmen since it took effect on Sept 1 last year. The program permits citizens from 51 countries and regions including the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan who have valid visas and flight tickets to a third country to spend three days in the city. The capital of Sichuan province is the first city in the western region of China to offer foreign tourists a threeday visa and the fourth nationwide to adopt the policy following Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Li Zhiyong, deputy dean of the tourism institute at Sichuan University, said the move contributes to a large increase in the number of overseas tourists and raises the city39。s business development. Rudy Buttignol, president of the public broadcasting pany in British Columbia, Canada, said his work requires frequent travel to Chengdu and the policy makes the trips easier. Data from the city39。an, the starting point of the ancient Silk Road, a trade channel established more than 2,000 years ago linking China, Central Asia and Europe. 。s cooperation w ith Central Asian countries, a senior official said. Shaanxi Governor Lou Qinjian said the province is fresh, rich and unique, as it was when it anchored one end of the ancient Silk Road. It is the best option for acmodating industrial transfers from East China or the w orld at large, he said on Wednesday in Xi39。s largest breeding and research center. Three days are long enough for foreign visitors to visit those iconic tourist spots, he noted. The city is home to the remains of the Jin sha civilization that dates back more than 3,000 years as well as the Qing cheng Mountains and the Du jiang yan irrigation system. Qing cheng has long been recognized as the birt
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