【正文】 country were able to negotiate quota restrictions. swing — When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product. TMB — The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC mitments. transitional safeguard mechanism — Allows members to impose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as to cause — or threaten — serious damage to the relevant domestic industry. Agriculture/SPS Agenda 2020 — EC’s financial reform plans for 2020 – 06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below). border protection — Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry. BSE — Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease”. box — Category of domestic support. — Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits. — Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally tradedistorting. — Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction mitments. Cairns Group — Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current membership: Argentina, 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 8 頁 共 13 頁 Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay. CAP — Common Agricultural Policy — The EU’s prehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world. Codex Alimentarius — FAO/WHO mission that deals with international standards on food safety. distortion — When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a petitive market. deficiency payment — Paid by governments to producers of certain modities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less. EEP — Export enhancement programme — programme of US export subsidies given generally to pete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets. food security — Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as selfsufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs. internal support — Enpasses any measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade。bottleneck39。 restrictions 全球配額 global quota 上訴機構(gòu) Appeal body 申報制度 reporting system。 direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production. International Office of Epizootics — Deals with international standards concerning animal health. multifunctionality — Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, . environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See nontrade concerns. nontrade concerns — Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation. peace clause — Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies mitted under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2020. reform process/program — The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, . a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process. SPS regulations — Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations — government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption. 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 9 頁 共 13 頁 variable levy — Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion. Intellectual property Berne Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works. CBD — Convention on Biological Diversity. pulsory licensing — For patents: when the authorities license panies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent — to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) — without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use. counterfeit — Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods. exhaustion — The principle that once a product has been sold on a marke