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rkpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers, do not have a separate control operating devices require direct manipulation by humans。can reduce labor intensity, ensuringproduct quality, to achieve safe production。the latter due to design plexity, require more relays, wiring plexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other Logic Controller PLCcontrolled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong antijamming capability, ensuring the system39。而目前我國的工業(yè)機器人技術(shù)及其工程應(yīng)用的水平和國外比還有一定的距離,應(yīng)用規(guī)模和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平低,機械手的研究和開發(fā)直接影響到我國自動化生產(chǎn)水平的提高,從經(jīng)濟(jì)上、技術(shù)上考慮都是十分必要的。機械手越來越廣泛的得到了應(yīng)用,在機械行業(yè)中它可用于零部件組裝,加工工件的搬運、裝卸,特別是在自動化數(shù)控機床、組合機床上使用更普遍。手部是用來抓持工件(或工具)的部件,根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式,如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。它可代替人的繁重勞動以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動化,能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護(hù)人身安全,因而廣泛應(yīng)用于機械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。運動機構(gòu)一般由液壓﹑氣動﹑電氣裝置驅(qū)動。20世紀(jì)40年代后期,美國在原子能實驗中,首先采用機械手搬運放射性材料,人在安全室操縱機械手進(jìn)行各種操作和實驗。助力機械手:又稱平衡器、平衡吊、省力吊具、手動移載機等,是一種無重力化手動承載系統(tǒng),一種新穎的、用于物料搬運時省力化操作的助力設(shè)備,屬于一種非標(biāo)設(shè)計的系列化產(chǎn)品。(3)可在勞動條件差,單調(diào)重復(fù)易子疲勞的工作環(huán)境工作,以代替人的勞動。(2)懸臂起重機(懸臂吊、電動環(huán)鏈葫蘆吊、氣動平衡吊等)(3)導(dǎo)軌式搬運系統(tǒng)(懸掛軌道、輕型軌道、單梁起重機、雙梁起重機)(4)工業(yè)機械手的應(yīng)用機械手是在機械化、自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。工業(yè)中采用的鍛造操作機也屬于這一范疇。它可以根據(jù)任務(wù)的需要編制程序,以完成各項規(guī)定的操作。常用機械手傳動系統(tǒng)分機械傳動、液壓傳動、氣壓傳動和電力傳動等幾種形式。手腕是連接手指與手臂的元件,可以進(jìn)行上下、左右和回轉(zhuǎn)動作。它可安全地應(yīng)用在易燃、易爆和粉塵大的場合。壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低,因此對氣動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。輸出力不可能太大,為了增加輸出力,必然使整個氣動系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸加大。(一般為4~8公斤/每平方厘米),因此對動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。想到這里我就很想設(shè)計一個機械手,來用于生產(chǎn)實際中。在機械工廠里,加工零件裝料的時候是不是很煩的,勞動生產(chǎn)率不高,生產(chǎn)成本大,有時候還會發(fā)生一些人為事故,導(dǎo)致加工者受傷。但現(xiàn)在的變化是那些分布在工業(yè)密集的華南、華東沿海地區(qū)的中國本土塑料加工廠也開始對機械手表現(xiàn)出越來越濃厚的興趣,因為他們要面對工人流失率高,以及為工人交工傷費帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。機械手技術(shù)涉及到力學(xué)、機械學(xué)、電氣液壓技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和計算機技術(shù)等科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,是一門跨學(xué)科綜合技術(shù)。但數(shù)控加工中常見的上下料工序, 通常仍采用人工操作或傳統(tǒng)繼電器控制的半自動化裝置。工業(yè)機械手是工業(yè)機器人的一個重要分支。它的特點是可通過編程來完成各種預(yù)期的作業(yè)任務(wù),在構(gòu)造和性能上兼有人和機器各自的優(yōu)點,尤其體現(xiàn)了人的智能和適應(yīng)性。前者費時費工、效率低。一、工業(yè)機械手的概述機械手是一種能自動化定位控制并可重新編程序以變動的多功能機器,它有多個自由度,可用來搬運物體以完成在各個不同環(huán)境中工作。隨著我國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的飛躍發(fā)展,特別是改革開發(fā)以后,自動化程度的迅速提高,實現(xiàn)工件的裝卸、轉(zhuǎn)向、輸送或操作釬焊、噴槍、扳手等工具進(jìn)行加工、裝配等作業(yè)自化,已愈來愈引起我們重視。想想看用什么可以來代替呢,加工的時候只要有幾個人巡視一下,且可以二十四個小時飽和運作,人行嗎?回答是肯定的,但是機械手可以來代替它。為什么選著設(shè)計機械手用氣動來提供動力:氣動機械手是指以壓縮空氣為動力源驅(qū)動的機械手。它的動作和反應(yīng)都快,這是氣動突出的優(yōu)點之一。用氣壓驅(qū)動與用其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點:空氣取之不竭,用過之后排入大氣,不需回收和處理,不污染環(huán)境。一般說來,往復(fù)運動推力在1~2噸以下采用氣動經(jīng)濟(jì)性較好。﹑機械手的組成機械手的形式是多種多樣的,有的較為簡單,有的較為復(fù)雜,但基本的組成形式是相同的,一般由執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和輔助裝置組成。簡單的機械手可以沒有手腕。機械手控制系統(tǒng)的主要作用是控制機械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度進(jìn)行動作,簡單的機械手一般不設(shè)置專用的控制系統(tǒng),只采用行程開關(guān)、繼電器、控制閥及電路便可實現(xiàn)動傳動系統(tǒng)的控制,使執(zhí)行機構(gòu)按要求進(jìn)行動作.動作復(fù)雜的機械手則要采用可編程控制器、微型計算機進(jìn)行控制。它的特點是具備普通機械的性能之外,還具備通用機械、記憶智能的三元機械。第三類是用專用機械手,主要附屬于自動機床或自動線上,用以解決機床上下料和工件送。近年來,隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計算機的廣泛應(yīng)用,機器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù),它更加促進(jìn)了機械手的發(fā)展,使得機械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機械化和自動化的有機結(jié)合。(4)可在危險場合下工作,如軍工品的裝卸、危險品及有害物的搬運等。針對客戶應(yīng)用需求,量身定制的個案創(chuàng)作。50年代以后,機械手逐步推廣到工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門,用于在高溫﹑污染嚴(yán)重的地方取放工件和裝卸材料,也作為機床的輔助裝置在自動機床﹑自動生產(chǎn)線和加工中心中應(yīng)用,完成上下料或從刀庫中取放刀具并按固定程序更換刀具等操作。機械手可獨立地實現(xiàn)伸縮﹑旋轉(zhuǎn)和昇降等運動,一般有2~3個自由度。機械手通常用作機床或其他機器的附加裝置,如在自動機床或自動生產(chǎn)線上裝卸和傳遞工件,在加工中心中更換刀具等,一般沒有獨立的控制裝置。運動機構(gòu),使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動(擺動)、移動或復(fù)合運動來實現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動作,改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢......機械手是在自動化生產(chǎn)過程中使用的一種具有抓取和移動工件功能的自動化裝置,它是在機械化、自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。目前,機械手已發(fā)展成為柔性制造系統(tǒng)FMS和柔性制造單元FMC中一個重要組成部分。因此,進(jìn)行機械手的研究設(shè)計是非常有意義的。s reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and puter technology and other fields of science, is a crossdisciplinary integrated , an overview of industrial manipulator Robot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be reprogrammed to change in multifunctional machine, which has multipledegrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to plete the work in different wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a laborintensive, mechanical hand use has bee increasingly and automotive industries that Europe and the United States multinational panies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated now the changes are those found in industrialintensive South China, East China39。particularly in the hightemperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the pressed air as power sourcedriven pressuredriven and other energydriven parison have the following advantages: inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment.(Concept of environmental protection) stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small(typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of onethousandth), to facilitate longdistance air of the working pressure is low(usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the material ponents and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be the hydraulic transmission, pared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of the advantages pneumatic air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the there are also places where it fly in the ointment: the pressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can not be too large。such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the masterslave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical mainly by hand and sports of hand is holding the workpiece(or tool)ponents, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, material and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorptionbased care such as organizations, so that the pletion of a variety of hand rotation(swing), mobile or pound movements to achieve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece featu