【正文】 ,667 1,982 % 5/6/2023 63 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing G公司毛利率 %%%%%%%1998 1999 2023 2023發(fā)電機組 通信產(chǎn)品 技術(shù)服務(wù) 其他5/6/2023 64 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing G公司案例 “控股權(quán)變動 =業(yè)績增長” ? 審計問題 – CPA連續(xù)四年均發(fā)表標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無保留意見 – CPA確認(rèn)技術(shù)服務(wù)收入的依據(jù) ? 技術(shù)服務(wù)合同 – 主要為軟件開發(fā)服務(wù)，一頁紙，開發(fā)周期 3至 6個月 ? 銀行進(jìn)賬單或函證 – 疑點 ? CPA是否評估該公司是否具有軟件開發(fā)能力？ ? CPA是否審計該公司開發(fā)的軟件或提供的服務(wù)？ ? 軟件服務(wù) 1999年只有收入，沒有成本， 2023至 2023年的毛利率也高達(dá) 90%以上， CPA為何沒有保持應(yīng)有的職業(yè)謹(jǐn)慎？ ? CPA是否合理地懷疑這部分收入來源的合法性？ 5/6/2023 65 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 財務(wù)分析框架 ? From Business Activities to Financial Statements Business Activities Operating Activities Investment Activities Financing Activities Accounting System Measure and Report Economic Consequences of Business Activities Financial Statements Managers’ Superior inf. On Business Activities Estimation Errors Distortions fm Managers’ Accounting Choices Business Environment Labor Markets Capital Markets Product Markets Supplier Customers Competitors Business Regulations Accounting Environment Capital Market Structure Contracting Governance Accounting Conventions And Regulations Tax Financial Accounting Linkage Thirdparty Auditing Legal System for Accounting Disputes Business Strategy Scope of Business: Degree of Diversification Type of Diversification Competitive Positioning: Cost Leadership Differentiation Key Success Factors and Risk Accounting Strategy Choice of Acctg Policies Choice of Acctg Estimates Choice of Reporting Format Choice of Supplementary Disclosures 5/6/2023 66 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 財務(wù)報表分析框架 ? Doing Business Analysis Using Financial Statements Financial Statements Managers’ superior inf on business activities Noise from estimation errors Distortions from managers’ acctg choices Other Public Data Industry and firm data Outside financial statements Business Application Context Credit analysis Securities analysis Mergers and acquisition analysis Debt/dividend analysis Corporate munication strategy analysis General business analysis Analysis Tools Business Strategy Analysis Generate performance expectations through Industry analysis and petitive strategy Analysis Accounting Analysis Evaluate accounting quality By assessing accounting Policies and estimates Financial Analysis Evaluate performance using ratios And cash flow analysis Prospective Analysis Making forecasts and value Business 5/6/2023 67 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 會計分析 ? Doing Accounting Analysis – Step 1: Identify key accounting policies – Step 2: Access accounting flexibility – Step 3: Evaluate accounting strategy ? Key questions – How do the firm’ s accounting policies pare to the norms in the industry? If they are different, is it because the firm’ s petitive strategy is unique? – Does management face strong incentives to use accounting discretion for earnings management? – Has the firm changed any of its policies and estimates? What is the justification? What is impact of changes? – Have the firm’ s policies and estimates been realistic in the past? – Does the firm structure any significant business transactions so that it can achieve certain accounting objectives? 5/6/2023 68 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 會計分析 – Step 4: Evaluate the quality of disclosure ? Key questions – Does the firm provide adequate disclosure to assess the firm’ s business strategy and its economic consequences? – Do the footnotes adequately explain the key accounting policies and assumptions and their logic? – Does the firm adequately explain its current performance? (MDA) – If accounting rules and conventions restrict the firm from measuring its key success factors appropriately, does the firm provide adequate additional disclosure to help outsiders understand how these factors are being managed? – If the firm is in multiple business segments, what is the quality of segment disclosure? – How forthing is the management with respect to bad news? – How good is the firm’ s investor relations program? Does the firm provide fact books with detailed data on the firm’ s business and performance? Is the management accessible to analysts? 5/6/2023 69 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 會計分析 – Step 5: Identify potential red flags ? Common red flags – Unexplained changes in a。由于該公司長期以來財務(wù)狀況不佳，無力償還借款。 5/6/2023 58 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing PT百花村案例 “知錯必改” – E、代銷收入追溯調(diào)整 ? 系分公司 XX購物中心將 2023年代銷商品產(chǎn)生的收入2023年未入賬，計入 2023年度。本公司 2023年及以前年度計提壞賬時未考慮以上因素，故本年在核銷 XX電器有限公司、 XX有限責(zé)任公司應(yīng)收賬款時對上述壞賬準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行了更正 – Note: Audit report for 2023 dated March 2023, what are the implications? Subsequent event, type 1 or type 2? Is this accounting treatment justifiable? In what grounds? 5/6/2023 57 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing PT百花村案例 “知錯必改” – B、長期股權(quán)投資減值準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整 ? XX發(fā)展中心長期經(jīng)營狀況不佳 ， XX高新技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)行政管理局于 1998年 7月 21日公告吊銷了該公司的營業(yè)執(zhí)照。總投資 34,（購買奇圣膠囊 31,800萬元，購買張恒春藥業(yè)股權(quán) 元） …… 公司于 2023年