【正文】 tion in existing market 4. Economies of scale 5. Alliance with supplier/distribution channel 6. Product diversification 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 建立合資公司的目的 : 1. 市場(chǎng)滲透 \擴(kuò)張。 3. 其它影響因素包括 : ① 科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展。合資已經(jīng)成為企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟 的一種常見方式。International Cooperation Strategic Management ? What is a Joint Venture A joint venture (JV) is a business enterprise involving two or more legally distinct partner panies, each of which plays more than merely an investment role in the enterprise. A JV is considered international if at least one partner is headquartered outside the country of operation, or if the venture operates significantly in more than one country. 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 何為合資 合資公司是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的合作公司組成的企業(yè)， 各方在企業(yè)中不僅僅是出資。在合資公司中，兩個(gè)或更多的企業(yè)分享資金、技術(shù)、人力資源，分擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并且從這個(gè)共同管理的新的實(shí)體中獲利。 ② 研發(fā)的高成本。 2. 國(guó)際性擴(kuò)張 (國(guó)際化 )。 6. 產(chǎn)品多樣化。 RD 成本。 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Benefits of Joint Ventures ? Provide panies with the opportunity to obtain new capacity and expertise ? Allow panies to enter into related businesses or new geographic markets or obtain new technological knowledge ? Have a relatively short life span (57 years) and therefore do not represent a longterm mitment ? In the era of divesture and consolidation, offer a creative way for panies to exit from noncore businesses: panies can gradually separate a business from the rest of the anization, and ultimately, sell it to the other partner pany (appr. 80% of all joint ventures end in a sale by one partner to the other). 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 合資公司的優(yōu)勢(shì) ? 提供給公司獲取新能力和新技術(shù)的良機(jī) ? 使公司能夠進(jìn)入相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域或者進(jìn)入一個(gè)全新的業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域或是獲取新的技術(shù)知識(shí) ? 有一個(gè)相對(duì)較短的生命周期（ 5~7年），因此不代理長(zhǎng)期委托 ? 在剝離與合并的時(shí)期，為公司提供一種新的退出非核心業(yè)務(wù)的方法：公司可以逐步的分離一項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)并最終將它賣給合作伙伴（約 80%的合資公司最后由一個(gè)合伙人將其賣給另一個(gè)合伙人）。對(duì)于一個(gè)成功的合資企業(yè)來(lái)說，高級(jí)管理必須參與重要的人力資源管理事務(wù)并回答以下問題： ? 你的 商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略 是什么 ? 它如何對(duì)你組織內(nèi)的員工產(chǎn)生影響 ? International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Human Resources Strategy ? What petences (knowledge, expertise, interpersonal skills) will be required to make the joint venture successful? What type of people should work in the joint venture? ? How will you create a hybrid culture that overes crosscultural barriers? How will you bridge the gap between foreign and local management? ? What structures, processes, and human resources programs should you implement in the joint venture to support the anizational goals? 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 人力資源策略 ? 成功的運(yùn)營(yíng)一個(gè)合資企業(yè)需要什么能力（知識(shí)、專業(yè)技能、交往能力）？什么樣的人適合在合資企業(yè)中工作 ? ? 如何營(yíng)造一種融合的文化氛圍來(lái)消除 跨文化壁壘 ？如何逾越國(guó)外管理與本土管理的鴻溝 ? ? 你將在合資企業(yè)中采取什么樣的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、過程以及實(shí)施什么樣的規(guī)劃來(lái)支持 組織目標(biāo) 的實(shí)現(xiàn)？ International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Human Resources (HR) Action Steps to Prepare for a Successful JV ? Business Strategy Begin with a sound, wellarticulated strategy. Before moving forward, determine and explain why you wish to enter into a joint venture, why you have chosen your partner(s), and what you hope to achieve. Define involvement (managerial, capital, etc) of the partner panies and how long the JV will last. Put in place strategies to define governance, accountability, decisionmaking process, and conflict and issueresolution procedures. Ensure buyin and participation at the highest level. Consider outes: what could cause you to terminate the joint venture, and what is the preferred exit strategy. 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)成功的合資企業(yè)，人力資源所采取的行動(dòng)步驟 ? 商業(yè)計(jì)劃 首先要有一個(gè)縝密的戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃。確保大宗買賣以及高層事物的各方參與。 and establish distinct career paths, management, and a means of return for employees transferring to the JV. Create pensation, incentive, and retention programs tied to the success of the JV. Maintain open munication between the HR departments of the partners and the JV. 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 人力資源策略 發(fā)展支持合資企業(yè)目標(biāo)并與之一致的人力資源戰(zhàn)略：建立清晰的企業(yè)文化并積極在員工中推行 。s seen as fair and credible, and name toptier leadership as soon as possible. Look for key indicators of leadership potentials such as behavior, past experience, and measurable outputs. 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層 提供一種選擇領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的公平可信的方法，可盡快的任命高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Talent ? Make the identification, retention, and motivation of the key talent a top priority. ? Know the employees’ motivators and demotivators. ? Structure programs to ensure retention. 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 人才 ? 給與重要人才在認(rèn)同，保留以及 激勵(lì) 方面的優(yōu)先考慮。s motives will determine the type of partner it selects. If only a few partners with the right characteristics are available, this may affect the scope and objectives of the JV. Several of the most important criteria are access to knowledge, trust, reputation and status. 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 選擇合作伙伴在建立合資公司的過程中起著關(guān)鍵的作用 . 企業(yè)的動(dòng)機(jī)將決定它所選的合作伙伴的類型 . 如果僅僅有很少的合作伙伴滿足要求，將會(huì)影響到合資公司的規(guī)模和目標(biāo)。 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Taskrelated criteria are the strategic petencies to which a potential partner provides access. 1. Product knowledge. 2. Market knowledge. 3. Regulatory knowledge. 4. Distribution channels. ? Partnerrelated criteria are the anizational features that determine the desirability of collaboration. 1. Collaborative knowhow. 2. How closely the partner39。s pany size 6. Degree of favourable past experience with partner 國(guó)際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 合伙人相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) : 1. 高層管理團(tuán)隊(duì)之間互相信任 2. 與合伙人業(yè)務(wù)之間的相關(guān)性 3. 合作者的聲譽(yù) 4. 合作者的財(cái)務(wù)狀況 5. 合作者的公司規(guī)模 6. 過去與合作者合作的順利程度 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Partnerrelated criteria: 7. Marketing/distribution capabilities 8. Partner39。 nationality。 age。 sexual orientation。 2. 以你理解世界的方式與之分享共同經(jīng)歷的團(tuán)體或社會(huì)。 身體條件；性取向；宗教；職業(yè)；工作地及其公司文化。探索以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及各種文化團(tuán)體相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式是打開跨文化交流渠道的關(guān)鍵。按照優(yōu)先順序，最普遍的癥狀有： 1. 感覺孤立 2. 焦慮不安 3. 工作表現(xiàn)下降 4. 精神高度緊張 5. 無(wú)助 文化沖擊的癥狀出現(xiàn)而不加以處理會(huì)導(dǎo)致非常被動(dòng)的局面。t assume that yours is the only ‘ right way’ to municate