【正文】 terms, it is the responsibility of the human resources function to translate the business plan into people terms. For a joint venture to be successful, senior management must address important human resources issues and answer the following questions: ? What will be your business strategy? How will it impact the people of your anization? 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 人力資源策略 合資企業(yè)受商業(yè)需求的驅(qū)動并根據(jù)商業(yè)計(jì)劃書或企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行運(yùn)營，人力資源部門負(fù)責(zé)將商業(yè)計(jì)劃分配給人。 9. 交流現(xiàn)有技術(shù)。 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? The motives for JV formation in order of importance: 1. Market peration/expansion 2. International expansion (internationalization) 3. Maintain market position in existing market 4. Economies of scale 5. Alliance with supplier/distribution channel 6. Product diversification 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 建立合資公司的目的 : 1. 市場滲透 \擴(kuò)張。合資已經(jīng)成為企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟 的一種常見方式。在合資公司中，兩個或更多的企業(yè)分享資金、技術(shù)、人力資源，分擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并且從這個共同管理的新的實(shí)體中獲利。 2. 國際性擴(kuò)張 (國際化 )。 RD 成本。對于一個成功的合資企業(yè)來說，高級管理必須參與重要的人力資源管理事務(wù)并回答以下問題： ? 你的 商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略 是什么 ? 它如何對你組織內(nèi)的員工產(chǎn)生影響 ? International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Human Resources Strategy ? What petences (knowledge, expertise, interpersonal skills) will be required to make the joint venture successful? What type of people should work in the joint venture? ? How will you create a hybrid culture that overes crosscultural barriers? How will you bridge the gap between foreign and local management? ? What structures, processes, and human resources programs should you implement in the joint venture to support the anizational goals? 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 人力資源策略 ? 成功的運(yùn)營一個合資企業(yè)需要什么能力（知識、專業(yè)技能、交往能力）？什么樣的人適合在合資企業(yè)中工作 ? ? 如何營造一種融合的文化氛圍來消除 跨文化壁壘 ？如何逾越國外管理與本土管理的鴻溝 ? ? 你將在合資企業(yè)中采取什么樣的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、過程以及實(shí)施什么樣的規(guī)劃來支持 組織目標(biāo) 的實(shí)現(xiàn)？ International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Human Resources (HR) Action Steps to Prepare for a Successful JV ? Business Strategy Begin with a sound, wellarticulated strategy. Before moving forward, determine and explain why you wish to enter into a joint venture, why you have chosen your partner(s), and what you hope to achieve. Define involvement (managerial, capital, etc) of the partner panies and how long the JV will last. Put in place strategies to define governance, accountability, decisionmaking process, and conflict and issueresolution procedures. Ensure buyin and participation at the highest level. Consider outes: what could cause you to terminate the joint venture, and what is the preferred exit strategy. 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個成功的合資企業(yè)，人力資源所采取的行動步驟 ? 商業(yè)計(jì)劃 首先要有一個縝密的戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃。 and establish distinct career paths, management, and a means of return for employees transferring to the JV. Create pensation, incentive, and retention programs tied to the success of the JV. Maintain open munication between the HR departments of the partners and the JV. 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 人力資源策略 發(fā)展支持合資企業(yè)目標(biāo)并與之一致的人力資源戰(zhàn)略：建立清晰的企業(yè)文化并積極在員工中推行 。 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Talent ? Make the identification, retention, and motivation of the key talent a top priority. ? Know the employees’ motivators and demotivators. ? Structure programs to ensure retention. 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 人才 ? 給與重要人才在認(rèn)同，保留以及 激勵 方面的優(yōu)先考慮。 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Taskrelated criteria are the strategic petencies to which a potential partner provides access. 1. Product knowledge. 2. Market knowledge. 3. Regulatory knowledge. 4. Distribution channels. ? Partnerrelated criteria are the anizational features that determine the desirability of collaboration. 1. Collaborative knowhow. 2. How closely the partner39。 nationality。 sexual orientation。 身體條件；性取向；宗教；職業(yè)；工作地及其公司文化。按照優(yōu)先順序，最普遍的癥狀有： 1. 感覺孤立 2. 焦慮不安 3. 工作表現(xiàn)下降 4. 精神高度緊張 5. 無助 文化沖擊的癥狀出現(xiàn)而不加以處理會導(dǎo)致非常被動的局面。 ? 不要認(rèn)定自己的才是‘唯一正確’的溝通方式 1. 不斷質(zhì)疑自己的假設(shè)。 ? 尊重其他人對事情的看法。 ? 在工作中意識到文化差異，并認(rèn)識到文化差異的所在是通向相互理解的第一步。這種改變包括團(tuán)隊(duì)成員由他們在其他文化的經(jīng)歷所知的 ,更能吸引海外顧客的新顏色?！? International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Case in Point: General Electric (GE) The GE Leadership Effectiveness Survey (LES) provides a framework for evaluation of the corporate leaders that includes, inter alia, the following parameters: Fully utilizes diversity of team members (cultural, race, gender) to achieve business success and Demonstrates global awareness / sensitivity and is fortable building diverse / global teams. 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 案例 : 通用電氣 (GE) 通用電氣領(lǐng)導(dǎo)效果調(diào)查 (LES)提供了一個評估公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的方案，特別包括了下列因素，‘充分利用團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的不同（文化，種族，性別）達(dá)到商業(yè)成功’和‘體現(xiàn)全球意識 /敏感，樂于建立不同 /全球團(tuán)隊(duì)。s room. For men, it should be black or blue. What a cultural difference! The employee pays attention to the sign only, not to its color, and the Japanese businesswoman pays attentions to pletely different things. How many such munication gaps have we experienced without noticing it! 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 案例 : 女性色彩 一名員工曾因公與一位日本女士開會。 2. 有人把這種關(guān)系認(rèn)定是一種邊緣關(guān)系。 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Importance and difficulty of negotiating points in joint venture agreements (percentage of respondents noting category) Important Difficult Equity structure 80 33 Technology transfer 78 26 Marketing issues 45 28 Staffing issues 44 26 Dividend policy 42 21 國際合作與戰(zhàn)略管理 ? 關(guān)于成立合資公司談判時(shí)雙方的談判重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn) (兩種不同回答的百分比如下 ) 重要性 困難性 權(quán)益結(jié)構(gòu) 80 33 技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移 78 26 市場問題 45 28 員工安置問題 44 26 股息分配方針 42 21 International Cooperation Strategic Management ? Governance and control Once a partner has been selected and a contractual agreement negotiated, attention shifts to the integration and governance of the joint venture. The relationship between