organizationstructure組織結(jié)構(gòu)-wenkub
2023-02-08 08:59:44 本頁面
【正文】 and division of labor in an anization. 組織圖：一個組織里的匯報結(jié)構(gòu)和勞動分工。 and authority relationship are indicated by solid lines showing superiorsubordinate 線注明了匯報和職權(quán)關(guān)系，顯示了上下級的聯(lián)系。 Differentiation means that the anization is prised of many different units that work on different kinds of tasks, using different skills and work 任務(wù)的不同單位構(gòu)成，這些單位分別采用不同的工作技能和工作方法。 similarly, marketing, finance, and human resources tasks are divided among those respective 而從事不同的工作；與此類似，營銷、財務(wù)、和人力資源工作被劃分為不同的部門。 As anizations differentiate their structures, managers must simultaneously consider issues of integration. All of the specialized tasks in an anization cannot be performed pletely independently. Because the different units are part of the larger anization, some degree of munication and cooperation must exist among them. Integration and its related concept, coordination, refer to the procedures that link the various parts of the anization to achieve the anization’ s overall ，管理者必須同時考慮一體化的問題。 Integration is achieve through structural mechanisms that enhance collaboration and coordination. Any job activity that links different work units performs an integrative function. Remember, the more highly differentiated your firm, the greater the need for integration among the different 制實現(xiàn)。 Authority is fundamental to the functioning of every 能基礎(chǔ)。股東選出董事來監(jiān)督組織。 Some top executives are likely to sit on the board( they are inside directors). The trend in recent years has been toward reducing the number of insiders and increasing the number of outsiders. Today, most panies have a majority of outside 任職（他們被稱為內(nèi)部董事），近年來的趨勢是減少內(nèi)部董事，增加外部董事。 The top management team 高層管理團(tuán)隊 Increasingly, CEOs share their authority with other key members of the top management team. Top management teams are typically prised of the CEO, president, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, and other key executives. Rather than make critical decisions on their own, CEOs regularly meet their top management teams to make decisions as a unit. 現(xiàn)在越來越多的情況是由 CEO與高層管理團(tuán)隊的其他關(guān)鍵成員共享權(quán)力。高層管理者還包括總裁和副總裁。通常在更高層級的人有權(quán)做出決策并告訴低一層次的人該做什么。 The optimal span of control maximizes effectiveness because it is (1) narrow enough to permit managers to maintain control over subordinates, but (2) not so narrow that it leads to overcontrol and an excessive number of managers who oversee a small number of 化，因為它（ 1）足夠小，允許管理者對下屬保持控制。 4 Delegation授權(quán) Delegation The assignment of new or additional responsibilities to a subordinate. 授權(quán)：將新的或另外的責(zé)任分派給下屬。 Advantages of delegation 授權(quán)的優(yōu)點(diǎn) 1. The manager saves time by giving some of his or her own responsibilities to someone else. Then the manager is free to devote energy to important, higherlevel activities like planning, setting objectives, and monitoring performance. 管理者通過把他或她自己的責(zé)任分給其他人而節(jié)省了時間，于是管理者可以把精力抽出來從事象計劃、設(shè)定目標(biāo)和監(jiān)控業(yè)績等更重要、更高級的工作。允許管理者把更多的時間投入重要的管理職能，而讓低層雇員執(zhí)行分配的任務(wù)，這意味著以更有效的方式進(jìn)行工作。 Most American executives today understand the advantages of pushing decisionmaking authority down to the point of the action. The level that deals directly with problems and opportunities has the most relevant information and can best foresee the consequences of decision. They also see how the decentralized approach allows people to take more timely action. 現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)美國管理者都認(rèn)識到將決策權(quán)下放到實際操作層次的好處。 Functional departmentalization is mon in both large and small anizations. Large panies may anize along several different functional groupings. For example, Carmike Cinema has vice presidents of finance, real estate, operations, adverti
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