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II. 名詞的數(shù) 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es(參看有關(guān)語法書)。 a C. /。 a C. the。 I. 不定冠詞的用法 1 指一類人或事,相當(dāng)于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for ?! ? 表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every,one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前,表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事 — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? —Sorry, wrong number. There isn39。 a D. the。 the D. the。英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,請看下表 規(guī) 則 例 詞 1 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice 2 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, passes, contents 4 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, mittee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) 7 表示“某國人” 加s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以man或woman結(jié)尾的改為men,women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) sonsinlaw, lookerson, passersby, storytellers, boy friends 無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) grownups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) women singers, men servants III. 主謂一致 規(guī)則 情 況 舉 例 語 法 一 致 原 則 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動(dòng)詞不定式短語,動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞 用復(fù)數(shù)形式。由and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式?! one of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 在定語從句里,關(guān)系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致?! hich is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 表示時(shí)間重量長度價(jià)值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式,這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體。都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞, 實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞, 它們作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 就 近 /遠(yuǎn) 一 致 原 則 當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致?! r. Green, together with his wife and children, has e to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it. II. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn) 類 別 區(qū) 別 例 句 one, some, any和it one可以泛指人或者事(東西),其復(fù)數(shù)為ones?、賅e’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. ?、贑ars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. some可用于疑問句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù),或者表示建議,請求等 —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico.Would you like ________? some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí),some表示某個(gè),any表示任何一個(gè) ?、買 have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. ?、凇猈hich of the three ways shall I take to the village? —________way as you please. one指同類中的一個(gè),it指代同一種類的東西。one 。t mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. all?、贗t was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each 四、形容詞和副詞 I. 形容詞 :形容詞作定語通常前置,但在下列情況下后置 1 修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí) nobody absent, everything possible 2 以able, ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定語時(shí)后置 the only person awake 4 和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí) a bridge 50 meters long 5 成對的形容詞可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容詞短語一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 7 enough修飾名詞時(shí)可以前置也可以后置,但修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)要后置 ______to take his adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.(NMET2000) enough students breave students brave enough enough brave 注意:多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序 熟記口訣就可以順利解題:限定描繪大長高,形狀年齡和新老,顏色國籍跟材料,作用類別往后靠。要注意題干中將比較的另一方陰藏起來的情況?! ”磉_(dá)法二:A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亞洲是歐洲的四倍大/亞洲比歐洲大三倍?! ∑?、非謂語動(dòng)詞 非謂語動(dòng)詞的語法功能 所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧 ≈髡Z 表語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語 定語 狀語 Ving形式 現(xiàn)在分詞 △ △ △ △ 動(dòng)名詞 △ △ △ △ 不定式(to do) △ △ △ △ △ △ 過去分詞(done) △ △ △ △ 注:現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分 generally speaking一般說來;frankly speaking坦白地說;judging from/by...根據(jù)……來判斷;considering.../taking...into consideration考慮到……; to tell you the truth說實(shí)話;seeing...考慮到……;supposing假設(shè),如果;providing如果;given考慮到,鑒于;provided that如果 非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式變化 非謂語 形式 構(gòu)成 時(shí)態(tài) 語態(tài) 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 否定式 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 不定式 一般式 to do to be done for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或never 進(jìn)行式 to have done to have been done 完成式 to be doing / 完成 進(jìn)行式 to have been doing / 動(dòng)名詞 一般式 doing being done ’s doing 作主語要用 sb’s doing 在前加not 特別注意復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式: sb’s not doing sb’s not having done 完成式 having done having been done 現(xiàn)在分詞 與動(dòng)名詞變化形式相同 在前加not 非謂語語法功能的比較 做賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞比較 情況 常用動(dòng)詞 只接不定式 做賓語的動(dòng)詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, d