【正文】 （ 10） 骨骼肌是一種器官，人的骨骼肌可以分為 :頭頸肌、軀干肌、四肢肌 骨骼肌 肌腱：結(jié)締組織，分別附于相鄰的骨上 肌腹：肌肉組織，骨骼肌收縮的部分 軀體運動的形成是由骨、關節(jié)、骨骼肌組成，其中是以骨為杠桿，關節(jié)為支點，骨骼肌收縮為動力的形成。 但手臂提重物時，肱二頭肌與肱三頭肌都收縮； 第 16 章：動物的行 為知識要點 動物的行為 ： 受 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和激素 的調(diào)節(jié)，受 遺傳物質(zhì)的控制 ，這是在漫長的 進化過程 中逐漸形成的。 ３ 、 動物行為的研究： 觀察法可以沒有實驗，但實驗法離不開觀察，實驗法以觀察法為基礎。動物能促進植物的繁殖和分布。腐生性微生物能將復雜的有機物分解成無機物，將無 機物歸還到非生物環(huán)境，以供綠色植物再利用。 抗 生素 ：由真菌和放絲菌產(chǎn)生的，能殺死細菌的物質(zhì)。 男性生殖系統(tǒng) 女性生殖系統(tǒng) 睪丸 ： 分泌雄性激素，產(chǎn)生精子 卵巢 ： 分泌雌性激素，產(chǎn)生卵細胞 輸精管 ： 輸送精子到 陰莖 輸卵管 ： 輸送卵細胞到子宮， 受精作用的場所 陰莖 ： 排出精液和尿液 陰道 ： 精子進入和嬰兒出生的通道 附睪 ： 促使精子成熟并暫儲 子宮 ： 胚胎發(fā)育的場所 胚胎在子宮內(nèi)的發(fā)育時間為 280d 左右，這個過程稱為妊娠（懷孕）。 青春期發(fā)育： 青春期 特點有一、身高和體重突增 （身高突 增是主要是下肢骨增長，體重是骨骼、肌肉、內(nèi)臟迅速生長發(fā)育的結(jié)果） ； 二、腦和內(nèi)臟的功能趨于完善 (大腦重量及神經(jīng)細胞數(shù)目不再增加 )；三、性發(fā)育和性成熟 （第一性征：男女生殖器官的差異；第二性征：男性表現(xiàn)為長胡須、喉結(jié)突出、聲音洪亮 而低沉 。 變態(tài)： 動物在從幼蟲到成蟲的發(fā)育過程中，幼蟲的形態(tài)、生理、習性等發(fā)生一系列顯著的變化，稱為變態(tài) 不完全變態(tài)發(fā)育 ：受精卵 若蟲 成蟲 完 全變態(tài)發(fā)育 ：受精卵 幼蟲 蛹 成蟲 ? 完全變態(tài)與不完全變態(tài)相比多了一個什么階段？（答：多了一個蛹） 5. 青蛙發(fā)育的過程： 受精卵 蝌蚪 幼蛙 成蛙（變態(tài)發(fā)育） 青蛙發(fā)育的過程中呼吸器官的變化： 外鰓 內(nèi)鰓 肺 青蛙和其他兩棲動物的生殖發(fā)育特點是： 卵生，體外受精，體外發(fā)育，變態(tài)發(fā)育（幼體和成體在形態(tài)特征和生活習性上有很大的差異） 雌雄蛙抱對行為的意義：刺激雌蛙釋放卵細胞，雄蛙釋放精子，提高受精率 鳥類的生殖發(fā)育特點 :卵生，體內(nèi)受精 ,體外發(fā)育 （主要）。 無性生殖的類型：營養(yǎng)生殖、分裂生殖、出芽生殖、孢子生殖 ： （有性繁殖） ：扦插、嫁接 （接穗和砧木） 、壓條（無性繁殖） ：（ 原理 :植物細胞具有全能性。 舉例 ：種瓜得瓜 變異 ：是指子代 和親代個體間的差異。 生物遺傳下來的是基因而不是性狀。 4．基因經(jīng) 精子或卵細胞傳遞 。 在生殖細胞中，染色體是 成單 存在的，即在體細胞中染色體數(shù)目是生殖細胞中染色體數(shù)目的 2 倍 三 、 性狀遺傳有一定的規(guī)律性 1． 在體細胞中，基因也是成對存在的，位于成對的染色體相同的位置上，稱為 等位基因 ，包括 顯性 基因（起 主導 地位，會掩蓋另一基因的作用，控制顯性性狀，用 大寫 字母表示）和隱性 基因（控制隱性性狀，用 小寫 字母表示） Aa。 生男生女機會均等， 各占 50%。 生物變異是生物界的一種普遍現(xiàn)象（性狀的差異），包括： ① 可遺傳的變異 —— 遺傳物質(zhì)的改變，為生物進化提供原始的材料。 7 （英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of prehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen innerparty supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the code adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard。 the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. code and Regulations revised the necessity and revised 8 history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations column 1 by 2020 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation。s eighteen years prehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of the ICAC guidelines in in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2020, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an 9 important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too plicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice。 two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the 10 authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue。s eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, anization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the code and rule modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) code code adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in bination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of selfdiscipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 mon requirements. One is closely linked to the selfdiscipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization 15 amendment cases . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the prehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised code is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the selfdiscipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People39。s several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the three discipline and eight points for attention statements, and reference some embody the Chin