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essay in that it consists of the review of previous studies on a particular topic and one’s own most cases it is a kind of documented report from the writer’s firsthand acquisition,synthesis and interpretation of information,data and typical academic essay includes five parts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusion and reference.一個學(xué)術(shù)論文,也被稱為一個研究文章,不同于普通的文章,它由一個特定主題的對前人研究的回顧和自己的研究組成。初次研究是通過實地調(diào)查研究對象的一門學(xué)科,需要提出您自己的獨到的見解和信息。為了說明你的論點,你需要在圖書館或在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)主題的可借鑒和使用的證據(jù)。 3) 提供相關(guān)的背景信息/話題背景。 7) 說明你的主題的選擇或你的研究的原因。 然而,緒論部分通常是從一般到特殊,首先是大背景下的主題信息,然后縮小信息到更具體的相關(guān)論文和期刊(或會議)要求的不同的長度。 2) 這篇文章的目的是研究磁懸浮列車對上海的商業(yè)應(yīng)用的影響。二次論文的結(jié)構(gòu)會由于你沒有進行自己的實驗或調(diào)查或進行實證研究而變得簡單。3) Arrange the arguments in a logical order according to the chosen structure。為了選擇一個合適的角度,你需要批判性地思考你收集的源材料的想法和結(jié)果,選擇支持你的觀點的最適當(dāng)?shù)淖C據(jù),最重要的是,提出自己的看法。 Organizations組織結(jié)構(gòu)Body structures vary from paper to paper as a secondary research paper generally lacks an empirical study which entails the method and statistic following are some of the mon types of organization.,由于一個二級研究論文一般缺乏一個需要方法和統(tǒng)計分析的實證研究,不同文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)不同。 analysisThe structure may be used to weigh both advantages and disadvantages of a technology such as GM food,nanotechnology,artificial intelligence,synthetical biology, and so on. 該結(jié)構(gòu)可以用來權(quán)衡如轉(zhuǎn)基因食品、納米技術(shù)、人工智能、生物綜合。無論使用什么組織類型,一個陳述你文章的主要觀點,和作為支撐的從不同的角度來保證你的文章連貫性和邏輯幾個主題句都是必須的。 Methods section方法部分The methods sections,which is a detailed breakdown of the experiment or survey,usually answers these questions:1) What are your research questions?2) How is your research carried out?3) How is your data collected?4) How are your results obtained?方法部分是一個實驗或調(diào)查的分解步驟的詳細介紹,通?;卮疬@些問題: 1) 你的研究問題是什么? 2) 你的研究是如何進行的? 3) 你的數(shù)據(jù)是如何收集的? 4)你的結(jié)果如何? Therefore you must make all the following clear to the readers:1) subjects of the experiment(How were they chosen?)。6) Statistical analysis(How were statistics analyzed?).因此,你必須讓所有的讀者明白: 1) 實驗的主題(他們是如何選擇的?); 2) 材料(使用什么設(shè)備或工具?在什么條件下進行實驗?); 3) 程序(你是如何設(shè)計你的研究的,你在收集數(shù)據(jù)的時候遵循了什么步驟?) 4)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(用于選擇主題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么?); 5) 調(diào)查(調(diào)查問卷是如何設(shè)計和管理的?樣本或受訪者如何選擇?以及如何進行面試是通過電話或當(dāng)面?); 6)統(tǒng)計分析(如何統(tǒng)計分析?)。如果調(diào)查的方法是創(chuàng)新的,你應(yīng)該詳細描述。評價和評價等觀點應(yīng)該放在討論部分。它包括: 1) 實驗的概述或調(diào)查結(jié)果的總結(jié); 2) 有代表性的數(shù)據(jù)和/或圖形和它們的定位和/或分析的詳細介紹; 3)調(diào)查結(jié)果的詳細介紹。illustrating with graphic aids,ect.進行試驗總結(jié)時,你可以簡單地解釋數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生的原因和方式,但不應(yīng)重復(fù)在方法部分提供的細節(jié)。描述圖形和概括得出的研究結(jié)果使用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。3) To pare your results with previous results。7) To mention further research that might be required.1) 總結(jié)文章的主要思想或主要研究成果; 2) 對調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)表評論; 3) 將你的結(jié)果與以前的結(jié)果進行比較; 4) 解釋意想不到的結(jié)果; 5) 探討可能產(chǎn)生的影響; 6) 指出你的文章所涵蓋的工作的局限性; 7)提到可能是必需的進一步的研究。它增強了在語言和專業(yè)課程上跨學(xué)科的學(xué)術(shù)成就,促進學(xué)術(shù)成就隨著時間而增長和成功。2) The purpose or objective of the study。6) The principal conclusions or remendations.1) 問題的陳述; 2) 研究的目的或目標(biāo); 3) 實驗方法或?qū)嶒灪喴f明; 4) 統(tǒng)計分析的結(jié)果或重要數(shù)據(jù); 5)主要調(diào)查結(jié)果; 6)主要結(jié)論或建議。因此,在文本的參考文獻列表中每一個引用必須包括作者,標(biāo)題。如果引用擴展到不止一行,縮進其他行。頁碼 Academic writing style學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫作風(fēng)格 The style of academic writing is quite different from that of an English position or that of an oral its objective is to inform rather than entertain,an academic essay is characterized by objectivity and achieve them,formality and hedging are two important elements of an objective and precise paper.學(xué)術(shù)寫作的風(fēng)格是和一個英語作文或口頭演講完全不同的。 2) 避免使用如你第二人稱代詞,這些讓你的作品聽起來像你正在試圖說服讀者。 Hedging保險Chances are that in your paper there may be information or evidence that you have not found an exception to the conclusion that you have this case you need to use cautious language to avoid the possibility of people saying that you are cautious language is called example:in”O(jiān)ur results seem to suggest that less industrialized countries turn out more greenhouse gas emissions”,the words seem and suggest are hedging expressions,the use of which can reduce the risk of opposition because you state your opinions mon hedging expressions are as follows:機會是,你的論文存在的信息或證據(jù),可能使你得出一個例外的結(jié)論。常見的保險的表達式如下:1) certain introductory verbs and phrases such as seem,tend,look like,appear to be,think,believe,our knowledge,it is our view that,we feel that。5) certain model adverbs and adjectives such as probably,possibly,perhaps,conceivably,possible,probable,un/likely,presumably,virtually,apparently。 Proofreading校對Proofreading is the final step of writing an academic is bout searching your writing for basic grammatical and mechanical errors to make sure that your paper is free from any errors before submitting your paper to your teacher or a are the suggestions.校對是寫學(xué)術(shù)論文的最后一步,是在提交你的紙給你的老師或雜志之前查看你的寫作確保在你的文章中沒有任何的基本語法和機械誤差的錯誤。7) Certain itclauses such as it could be the case that...,it might be suggested that...,it may be possible to obtain...,it is important to develop...,it is useful t