【正文】 在人類所有的創(chuàng)造中，語言也許是影響最為深遠(yuǎn)的?！Z序的調(diào)整。Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate.演講者準(zhǔn)確地使用語言和會計準(zhǔn)確使用數(shù)字是一樣重要的。Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）。 it always contains the words “l(fā)ike”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit parison between things that are different yet have something in mon。隱喻則是一種隱藏的比較，不會出現(xiàn)like 和 as 這些連接詞。反復(fù)是指在連續(xù)幾個從句或句子的開頭或結(jié)尾處使用相同的詞和詞組。這也意味著你得建立自己的語言風(fēng)格，不能簡單抄襲他人。論據(jù)有以下三種基本形式：例子，統(tǒng)計資料，引用。這三種不同的例子都有助于演講者清晰地表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)并使之打上演講者的烙印。Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom recognized as expects on their speech topics. Citing the views of people（ who are experts） is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.引用他人觀點(diǎn)看法對學(xué)生演講者來說尤其有用，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生很少會被視為他們演講相關(guān)主題方面的專家。如果觀眾對引用來源不太熟悉，一定要（想辦法）取得他們的信任。There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these—speaking extemporaneously—is the method (you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom). When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. Speaking with PowerPoint is widely used now and very effective indeed.演講有四種最基本的方法：照本宣科式；背誦式；ppt輔助演講式和即興演講式。盡量注意上述問題，演講就會成功！Unit 2 Energy in Transition能源轉(zhuǎn)型 The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is ing to an end. A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.能源資源價格低廉、使用便捷的時代已經(jīng)過去了，目前應(yīng)向盡管價格較高、但污染較小的資源轉(zhuǎn)變。此前的幾十年中，能源的資金成本一直保持穩(wěn)定，甚至有所下降，而且，其所牽扯的環(huán)境成本和社會政治成本一直處于次要地位。The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990’s is whether the trend that began in the 1970’s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a bination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale ofenergy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms. It entailed the use of dirty coal as well as clean。 and deforestation as well as sustainable fuelwood harvesting.３．20世紀(jì)90年代初期人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)在于，這種始于70年代的能源發(fā)展趨勢是暫時的還是長遠(yuǎn)的。，地球上廉價的油氣資源已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了。There are a variety of other energy resources that are more abundant than oil and gas. Coal, solar energy, and fission and fusion fuels are the most important ones. But they all require elaborate and expensive transformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet society’s needs. None has very good prospects for delivering large quantities of electricity at costs parable to those of the cheap coalfired and hydropower plants of the 1960’s. It appears, then, that expensive energy is a permanent condition, even without allowing for its environmental costs.年代成本低廉的燃煤火電站和水力發(fā)電站相比，僅從成本考慮，以上各種資源用于大規(guī)模發(fā)電的可能性極小。第二，能源利用所產(chǎn)生的廢棄物不斷增加，使得環(huán)境自我凈化能力達(dá)到了極限。無論是核電還是火電，其對人類的危害都無法確定，這本身就是一大憾事。 yet it lacks the knowledge and the resources to replace nature’s services with technology. Second, human activities are now clearly capable of disrupting globally the processes that provide these services. Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is responsible for a striking share of the environmental impacts of human activity. The environmental transition of the past 100 years － driven above all by a 20fold increase in fossilfuel use and augmented by a tripling in the use of traditional energy forms － has amounted to no less than the emergence of civilization as a global ecological and geochemical force.，人類文明嚴(yán)重依賴于各種生態(tài)和地球物理過程所提供的各種服務(wù)，諸如造土培肥（或土壤的形成與增肥）、水源調(diào)節(jié)、病蟲害控制、適宜氣候的維持等等。過去100年以來的環(huán)境巨變（首要驅(qū)動因素是化石燃料的使用增長了20倍，同時傳統(tǒng)能源的使用增長了3倍），可以說無異于人類文明作為一支全球范圍內(nèi)的生態(tài)和地球化學(xué)力量的崛起過程。 and nitrous oxides from fuel bustions and fertilizer use.，對人類威脅最大、在許多情況下卻又最讓人類無計可施的是全球氣候變化。The only other external cost that might match the devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of causing or aggravating largescale military conflict. One such threat is the potential for conflict over access to petroleum resources. Another threat is the link between nuclear energy and the spread of nuclear weapons. The issue is hardly less plex and controversial than the link between CO2 and climate。許多分析家（包括本人）均認(rèn)為這種關(guān)系十分危險Do Traffic Tickets Save Lives?交通罰單能救命嗎？Pity the poor traffic cop. He39。他是你在高速公路上疾馳時最不愿意在后視鏡里看見的人。命，或者救別的什么人的命。似是這個作用不會持續(xù)很長。t like traffic cops, and there are lots of other things for the government to spend money on than enforcing highway safety laws. 根據(jù)6月28日發(fā)表在《柳葉刀》上的研究，最根本的一點(diǎn)就是交通罰單能救命，它很可能每年能救成千上萬條命。ve taken a hard look at highway safety. Their 1998 study caused a stir when they linked cell phone usage to traffic accidents. Now they39?，F(xiàn)在他們又來了，說交通罰單對我們的健康有好處。如果一年內(nèi)那么多人死于非典的話，大家很可能會恐懼得發(fā)瘋了，然而我500萬人因交通事故永遠(yuǎn)殘廢了，而且他們當(dāng)中(包括死去的)很多是孩子。其中8分析表明罰單能使重大事故率下降35%。 Most of the crashes did not involve alcohol and were not at an intersection, they report in their research paper. Most occurred during the summer months when the streets were dry (65 percent) rather than wet (18 percent) or covered with snow (17 percent).“多數(shù)撞車不是因?yàn)榫坪篑{車，也不是發(fā)生在十字路口，”他們在研究報告中這樣報道。 Men, however, were in