【正文】 找最好的地方定居。交通工程專業(yè)英語Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化 The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more plex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intermunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演變緊密相連的人類在整個地球的歷史發(fā)展。部落群體形成和逐步確立其地理特征，運(yùn)輸日益需要開放地區(qū)的發(fā)展，以提供對天然資源，促進(jìn)族裔間的貿(mào)易，并調(diào)動本土防衛(wèi)的訪問。這種變化是幾個因素及環(huán)境所致。尋找合適的技術(shù)是相對無約束。The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, selfpropulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.需要更好的戰(zhàn)略機(jī)動致努力提高海洋和陸地運(yùn)輸。作為隨后濃度的人才及專業(yè)知識的結(jié)果，更多先進(jìn)的傳輸技術(shù)如飛機(jī)和，最近，火箭推進(jìn)發(fā)展。而是有限的應(yīng)用程序如管道、 電纜和帶的交通工具的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致特殊行業(yè)的需要。運(yùn)輸技術(shù)的一些暗示能耗高，所需大量資金投入生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營。Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of modity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.逐漸引起各種交通工具的污染成了另一個嚴(yán)重的問題，作為世界交通在大多數(shù)國家和應(yīng)付日益增加的商品流動和人旅行的需要。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有交通工具都依賴石油衍生品的正常運(yùn)作。The transport sector39。但運(yùn)輸是并將繼續(xù)是世界的發(fā)展和人類福利的基本要求。2. Again，transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal，international．a(chǎn)nd finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade．而且交通提供了諸如部落間、國際間乃至于洲際間便利的貿(mào)易和文化交流。一些新的制度已經(jīng)實施和執(zhí)行的步伐將會加快。這一次您選擇乘搭車，因為你必須任命 1ater 在一天中在這些舊式商業(yè)公園是無法訪問的公共交通工具之一。你不是驚訝的時候，在下一個路口，路邊的可變信息標(biāo)志 (VM) 確認(rèn)這 ； 高速公路消息真的可信現(xiàn)在Using transport elematics All these information and control services, and many more besides, are discussed in the UK Government39。s electronic zone pricing, the TOLLSTAR electronic toll collection and ADEPT automatic debiting smart cards are examples of such applications.These systems rely on microwave or radio munication to an invehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle licence plates using image processing for enforcement purposes.Public transport travel information and ticketing Travel information is needed by passengers at home or office and also during their journey. London Transport39。s Car Systems CARIN. Similar products, such as the VICS advanced mobile information service, are monly available in Japan.Notes1．Transport telematics，also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS)，are concerned with the application of electronic information and control to improve transport． 交通運(yùn)輸遠(yuǎn)程信息處理系統(tǒng)，通常也被稱為智能交通系統(tǒng) (ITS系統(tǒng))，是利用電子信息和控制技術(shù)來改善交通的系統(tǒng)。5．These systems rely on microwave or radio munication to an invehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle license plates using image processing for enforcement purposes． 為實施管理的目的，這些系統(tǒng)依靠微波或無線技術(shù)與設(shè)在一張小卡片上的車載發(fā)射機(jī)應(yīng)答器實現(xiàn)通信聯(lián)系，這張卡片采用圖像處理技術(shù)來探測車輛的駕駛執(zhí)照。4．The positioning of bus stops is often dictated by practicalities such as avoiding banks and post offices，where space for special deliveries is required, and avoiding creating poor sight lines for side road traffic．公交站點位置通常以實用性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來選定，例如避開銀行和郵局，因為那里要有進(jìn)行特別遞送活動的空間，而且也要避免造成路邊交通視線不好的情況。2．Achieving these objectives often involves promises between improving bus operation and the needs of local businesses and residents for reasonable access and of pedestrians and cyclists for safe and convenient movement． 為了實現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)通常需要協(xié)調(diào)改善公交運(yùn)行與各種要求之間的關(guān)系，這些要求包括地區(qū)商業(yè)和居民合理進(jìn)入的需要、步行者和騎腳踏車的人的安全便利通行的需要。3．Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows，speeds，queues，incidents(accidents，vehicle breakdowns，obstructions)air quality and vehicle types，lengths and weights．任何一種交通管理和控制系統(tǒng)都需要如下信息：交通流、車速、排隊、交通事件(事故、車損、障礙物)、空氣質(zhì)量以及車輛的類型、長度與重量。s Bus Tracker system which can detect buses using either radio beacons or GPS (Global Positioning System) which uses satellites to identify locations.ROMANSE also includes TRIP lanner interactive enquiry terminals with touch screens providing travel information.Problems with tickets for through journeys can be a deterrent for travelers choosing public transport. Smartcard storedvalue tickets can provide a single ticket for car parking and all legs of a journey served by different operators.Driver information and guidance Driver information systems include the RDSTMC radio data systemtraffic message channel, initially trialled between London and Paris in the PLEIADES project and elsewhere in Europe in similar ECfunded projects. There is also the Traffic master service which uses infrared monitors to identify congestion and an incar visual mapbased screen to inform drivers of congestion.Driver guidance systems aim to take this a step further by informing drivers of their route and giving guidance on navigation. Communication between the control center and the vehicle can be by roadside beacon or by digital cellular radio network based on GSM(global system of mobile municat