【正文】 語言不完善或使用者的疏忽而無意間造成一語兩解或多解，出現(xiàn)含混不清的歧義現(xiàn)象。它是一種普遍存在的語言現(xiàn)象，幾乎所有語言在交際過程中都會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。就觸發(fā)歧義的語言層面而言,歧義可分為:構(gòu)詞歧義、語音歧義、語義歧義、句法歧義和語用歧義,其中以句法歧義現(xiàn)象最為復(fù)雜。據(jù)Ｃｈｏｍｓｋｙ的理論 ,深層結(jié)構(gòu)通過一定的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則轉(zhuǎn)換為表層結(jié)構(gòu) 。同時(shí)，雖然語言中的歧義現(xiàn)象確實(shí)在一定的程度上妨礙了人們的準(zhǔn)確理解，增加了交際的難度，但歧義畢竟是語言本身的一種內(nèi)在現(xiàn)象，也是一種重要的修辭手段，已廣泛地應(yīng)用于日常交際、文學(xué)作業(yè)、商業(yè)廣告、演講、外交等各種場合。歧義以有限的符號(hào)表達(dá)豐富的內(nèi)涵，所以在語言研究中備受注目。 引起英語歧義現(xiàn)象的原因有許多。畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告英語淺析英語的歧義現(xiàn)象及其產(chǎn)生原因一、論文選題的背景、意義任何自然語言中都有歧義現(xiàn)象存在。然而，了解了歧義現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因并不等于就能避免歧義現(xiàn)象。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，大多數(shù)語言學(xué)家認(rèn)勢歧義是消極的，應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量避免使用。2．現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢王瓊（2001）指出，結(jié)構(gòu)歧義是一種主要的語言歧義現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)多個(gè)深層結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為同一表層結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí) ,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)歧義。王少杰（2006）指出，說話人作為信息傳遞者將自己所要表達(dá)的信息進(jìn)行編碼，通過“聲聽通道”(Vocal—auditory Path)傳送給作為信息接受者的聽話者，當(dāng)后者成功破譯了前者的信息密碼時(shí)，交際就成功了；反之，交際便失敗。 云虹（2008）提出，雖然語言中的歧義現(xiàn)象確實(shí)在一定的程度上妨礙了人們的準(zhǔn)確理解，增加了交際的難度僵歧義畢竟是語言本身的一種內(nèi)在現(xiàn)象，也是一種重要的修辭手段，且“在上下文或在一般的交際場合中，大部分歧義現(xiàn)象都能自動(dòng)消除”。這種歧義妨礙人們的交流，在交際中起消極的作用，因此無意歧義也被稱為消極歧義，應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量避免。而歧義更是與文學(xué)、精神分析學(xué)、計(jì)算語言學(xué)有著緊密的聯(lián)系。其作用有：①能了解有關(guān)問題的歷史和現(xiàn)狀，幫助確定研究課題。定性分析法:定性分析法就是對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行“質(zhì)”的方面的分析。3． 2010年11月 開始撰寫初稿。它是語言本身一種內(nèi)在的現(xiàn)象，它的產(chǎn)生與語符系統(tǒng)、心理聯(lián)想和文化語境等密切相關(guān)，在語言的實(shí)際運(yùn)用中表現(xiàn)為語音歧義、詞匯歧義、句法歧義和語用歧義。：張克禮在《英語歧義結(jié)構(gòu)》一書中指出，歧義有多種理解，但歸納起來只有三種:詞匯歧義、結(jié)構(gòu)歧義和話語歧義。這樣看來，歧義結(jié)構(gòu)只包含詞匯歧義和結(jié)構(gòu)歧義。嚴(yán)格說來，歧義并不是修辭手段，而是一種在語言使用中所產(chǎn)生的語義理解分歧現(xiàn)象。它是一種普遍存在的語言現(xiàn)象，幾乎所有語言在交際過程中都會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。 引起英語歧義現(xiàn)象的原因有許多。歧義以有限的符號(hào)表達(dá)豐富的內(nèi)涵，所以在語言研究中備受注目。同時(shí)，雖然語言中的歧義現(xiàn)象確實(shí)在一定的程度上妨礙了人們的準(zhǔn)確理解，增加了交際的難度，但歧義畢竟是語言本身的一種內(nèi)在現(xiàn)象，也是一種重要的修辭手段，已廣泛地應(yīng)用于日常交際、文學(xué)作業(yè)、商業(yè)廣告、演講、外交等各種場合。據(jù)Ｃｈｏｍｓｋｙ的理論 ,深層結(jié)構(gòu)通過一定的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則轉(zhuǎn)換為表層結(jié)構(gòu) 。就觸發(fā)歧義的語言層面而言,歧義可分為:構(gòu)詞歧義、語音歧義、語義歧義、句法歧義和語用歧義,其中以句法歧義現(xiàn)象最為復(fù)雜。無意歧義是由于語言不完善或使用者的疏忽而無意間造成一語兩解或多解，出現(xiàn)含混不清的歧義現(xiàn)象。： Cecilia QuirogaClare（2003）認(rèn)為，我們可以從兩種甚至更多的途徑去理解歧義，如果它是一個(gè)單詞，我們叫它詞匯歧義，如果它存在于一個(gè)句子中，我們稱它為結(jié)構(gòu)歧義，歧義在語言組織系統(tǒng)中，有時(shí)是模糊的，我們往往不能夠完全的看清它，了解它。本文著重強(qiáng)調(diào)語言不可能脫離歧義而存在，歧義的出現(xiàn)，使我們能夠廣泛地將它應(yīng)用到日常交際、文學(xué)作最、商業(yè)廣告、演講、外交等各種場合，緩解了交際時(shí)遇到的困境。在了解歧義的各種存在形式后，巧妙使用歧義不僅可以產(chǎn)生幽默效果，還能促進(jìn)不同文化雙方的交流成功。從語音方面分析，引起歧義的主要因素是語調(diào)、同音、重音和連讀；從詞匯方面分析，引起歧義的主要因素為一詞多義和同音異義詞；從語法方面分析，歧義主要存在于比較狀語從句，含有否定詞或代詞的句子等；從語用方面分析,歧義主要表現(xiàn)為在不同場合下同一句子會(huì)有不同意思。 as far as pragmatics concerned, the ambiguity always means that a sentence will have two or more different means in different situations.Keywords: phenomenon of ambiguity；cause of ambiguity；Phonological ambiguity；lexical ambiguity；grammatical ambiguity；pragmatic ambiguity1. IntroductionAmbiguity is a feature of all human languages, and it is an inner phenomenon by the language itself. The existence of ambiguity is related closely to the system of language characters, mental associations and cultural context. On one hand, the ambiguity makes people misunderstood to some extent, but most linguists considered the ambiguity is negative so that we should try to avoid using it n the past few centuries。 and the word “can” in the second sentence means “to put something in a container”. 2) ClosePlease close the door at once, the evildoer is very close to the house. There have ambiguities in these sentences, and the word “close” has two meanings. On the one hand, it means “to get into this position”. On the other hand, it also can mean “near in space or time”. Grammatical AmbiguityWhen people have different ideas for the structure of the same sentence, grammatical ambiguity arises. Many linguists, among whom Chomsky is the representative, think the meaning of the sentence is determined by the inner structure of the sentence. Comparative Adverbial ClausesIn English context, as parative adverbial clauses always take the form of ellipsis, they cause ambiguity easily. For example: 1) I know Jane better than you. There are two explanations about this sentence. On one side, it means “I know Jane better than you do (=than you know Jane)”. On the other side, it also can mean “I know Jane better than I know you.” 2) Jim liked Jane as well as John.The first explanation is “Jim liked Jane as well as John did (=as well as John liked Jane)”, and the other explanation is “Jim liked Jane as well as Jim liked John.” Coordinate StructureThe coordinate words sometimes will cause ambiguity. Take “and” for example, 1) old men and women. This sentence can mean “old men and old women”, or “women and old men.” 2) The scholar wrote long theses and books. In this sentence, there are two coordinate ingredients, “theses” and “book”. The attributive word “l(fā)ong” can only modify the word “theses”, and also can modify the words “theses” and “book”. Negative Word If the predicate verb in the sentence is negated and is also followed by an adverbial, ambiguity is caused easily.For example: 1) Mary didn’t sing as she wished.Obviously, this sentence has two meanings. On the one hand, it means “Mary has not sung”. On the other hand, and it also means “Mary has sung, but not sang well.”2) Jane doesn’t dance to please her mother.This sentence also has two meanings. The first explanation is “Jane danced not because her mother ask her do like this”, the second explanation is “Jane hasn’t danced, because her mother didn’t allow her to do.” The Unsure Range of Negation The unsure range of negation can cause ambiguity.For example: 1) Jack won’t speak until 10 o’clock.There are two explanations about this sentence. First, it means “Jack just can speak after 10 o’clock”. Secondly, it means “Jack will not speak all the way.”2) Don’t write anything.We can handle this sentence from two ways. First, if we take it as a sentence partly negated, so it means “ Do not write anything no matter you confirm or not confirm ”, but if we regard it as a sentence whole negated, so it means “you can write something, but the unsure thing is not allow.” PronounIn sentences, the pronoun will cause ambiguity.For example: 1) It is too hot to eat.The word “it” has caused ambiguity in this sentence, first, it means “something