【正文】
擴(kuò)張 容量血管 (capacitance vessels) ★ 平面> T4→ 心交感 N(cardiac sympathetic nerve)麻痹 → HR↓ ▲ 藥理性因素 : ★ 局麻藥吸收 → 平滑肌抑制 →抑制 βR →.↓ ★ 局麻藥中 Adr吸收 → 興奮 βR→.↑ ▲ 局部因素 : 注速快 → CSF pressure↑→ 短暫 ↑ ● Respiratory manifestations: ▲ 阻滯平面的影響 (effects of level of blockade): The level of sensory blockade< T8→ 呼吸功能無(wú)明顯影響 . The level of sensory blockade ≥T2 4→ 膈 N( diaphragm nerve) 抑制 → 肺活量 (vital capacity)↓ ▲ 局麻藥種類(lèi)、濃度的影響 ▲ 年老、體弱、久病者 → 平面過(guò)高 → 通氣儲(chǔ)備不足 ▲ 其他因素 : ● Visceral manifestations: 腸蠕動(dòng) ↑ ● Effects on muscular tension: 運(yùn)動(dòng) N阻滯不全 ,但仍有肌松作用 . ▲ 反射性松弛:傳入 Nf被阻滯 . ▲ 局麻藥吸收后 → 選擇性阻滯運(yùn)動(dòng) N末梢 . 硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛作用產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制 ?局麻藥:阻滯感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維 ?阿片類(lèi)藥物:與阿片受體結(jié)合 ?阻斷疼痛反應(yīng)的惡性循環(huán),減少創(chuàng)傷部位致疼物質(zhì)釋放;減輕神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌反射;抑制疼痛反應(yīng)中的中樞敏化機(jī)制和外周敏化機(jī)制 三、硬膜外阻滯的臨床應(yīng)用 (The clinical applications of epidural block) ( 一 ) 適應(yīng)癥與禁忌癥 ?適應(yīng)癥 indications ?頸部以下手術(shù)(以腹部以下為佳) ?鎮(zhèn)痛 (術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛、產(chǎn)科鎮(zhèn)痛、慢性疼痛) ?禁忌癥 contraindications ?低血容量未糾正 ?穿刺部位感染 ?菌血癥 ?低凝狀態(tài) (二 ) 常用局部麻醉藥物 (Commonly used spinal anesthetic agents) (三)注意事項(xiàng) ◆ 局麻藥中加用腎上腺素 減緩局麻藥吸收速度、延長(zhǎng)作用時(shí)間,局部輕度血管收縮, 無(wú)明顯全身反應(yīng) . 常用 1:20萬(wàn) (高血壓病人禁用 ). ◆ 局麻藥濃度選擇 決定硬膜外阻滯范圍的最主要因素 —— 麻醉藥容量 決定硬膜外阻滯深度和作用持續(xù)時(shí)間 —— 麻醉藥濃度 ◆局麻藥的混合使用: 起效快 +起效慢 潛伏期短 長(zhǎng)效 +短效 維持時(shí)間長(zhǎng) 混合 → ◆ 注藥方式 : ● 注射試驗(yàn)量 (test dose):35ml. 目的 :排除誤入蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙的可能; ● 注入增加量 (incremental dose): 注入試驗(yàn)量 510min,如無(wú)腰麻征象 →可每隔 5min注入 35ml,直至阻滯范圍滿(mǎn)足手術(shù)要求; ● 追加維持量 (maintain dose):首次總量的 1/2—1/3。 (成人),麻藥必須將骶管充滿(mǎn)才能使 所有 骶 N阻滯 ▼ 腰骶部硬外間隙解剖結(jié)構(gòu)特殊 → 麻藥不易由骶側(cè)向腰側(cè) 擴(kuò)散 →麻醉范圍主要集中于肛門(mén)、會(huì)陰、臀部 →對(duì)生理 功能影響輕微 . ▼ 骶骨孔解剖變異多 → 成功率相對(duì)低( 75— 80%) ▼ 骶管內(nèi)血管竇粗大 → 易出血、局麻藥中毒 . (現(xiàn)已用 L34↓ 代替骶麻) 第三節(jié) 蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙與硬脊膜外聯(lián)合阻滯麻醉 Section three Combination of spinal and epidural anesthesia ?蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔與硬膜外腔聯(lián)合麻醉 ?蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯: 鎮(zhèn)痛、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯 ?硬膜外腔阻滯: 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間手術(shù)、神經(jīng)分離阻滯 ?穿刺方法 ?兩點(diǎn)法 ? 先行硬膜外腔穿刺術(shù)、再行蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔穿刺 ?一點(diǎn)法 ? 利用聯(lián)合穿刺針,在同一個(gè)位臵分別進(jìn)行硬膜外腔穿刺和蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔穿刺 Possible Clinical Advantages of Using Combined SpinalEpidural Anesthesia ? Initial epidural needle placement allows the spinal needle to be guided near the dura, minimizing the number of times the spinal needle tip impacts bone and potentially bees dulled. ? Lower local anesthetic blood levels are possible when an initial spinal anesthetic is used for operation, and the epidural catheter is used for analgesia. ? More rapid onset of spinal block allows the operative procedure to begin earlier, while the epidural catheter allows effective analgesia to be provided. ? During labor, an opioid may be injected via a small spinal needle and then epidural analgesia added if needed. ? Lower initial mass of drug may be used during spinal anesthesia, thereby minimizing the physiologic perturbations, while the epidural catheter is available to provide a higher level if needed. Question ? What are the major differences between subarachnoid block and extradural block? ? What are the methods for identifying the epidural space? ? What are the absolute contraindications to subarachnoid block and extradural block? Thanks For Your Attention! The End 。 Total spinal anesthesia can occur following attempted epidural/caudal anesthesia if there is inadvertent intrathecal injection. Onset is usually rapid because the amount of anesthetic required for epidural and caudal anesthesia is 5–10 times that required for spinal anesthesia. Careful aspiration, use of a test dose, and incremental injection techniques during epidural and caudal anesthesia c