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van Tamelen, Prof. J. P. Collman, and Prof. K. Bloch, respectively. Before 1990, when he became W. M. Keck Professor of Chemistry at The Scripps Research Institute, Prof. Sharpless was a member of faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (197077, 198090) and Stanford University (197780). Prof. Sharplesss honors include the Chemical Sciences Award of the National Academy of Sciences (of which he is a member), the Roger Adams and Arthur C. Cope Awards from the American Chemical Society, the Tetrahedron Award, the King Faisal Prize, the Prelog Medal, the Wolf Prize, and honorary doctorates from five American and European universities. The Sharpless research group continues to search for new homogeneous oxidation catalysts and for transition metal catalyzed asymmetric processes. M. G. Finn received his PhD degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, working with Prof. K. B. Sharpless. This was followed by an NIH postdoctoral fellowship with Prof. J. P. Collman at Stanford University. He joined the faculty of the University of Virginia in 1988, and moved to his present position on the faculty of the Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at The Scripps Research Institute in 1998. His group has studied the reactivity of Fischer carbene plexes, metalsubstituted phosphorus ylides, and a variety of transition metal catalyzed processes. His current interests include methods for binatorial catalyst discovery and the use of viruses as molecular building blocks. Hartmuth Kolb received his PhD in synthetic anic chemistry under the supervision of Prof. S. V. Ley at Imperial College in London. After two years of postdoctoral study with Prof. K. B. Sharpless at The Scripps Research Institute, he joined the Central Research Laboratories of Ciba 177。 合成工作最基本和最持久的目標不是新的化合物的生產(chǎn) , 而是性能的生產(chǎn) 。 隨著合成技巧和工具的不斷先進 , 人們的興趣目標又轉(zhuǎn)向越來越復(fù)雜的天然產(chǎn)物 , 不計代價和精力地合成甚至微量的特殊分子 , 合成的目標化合物也越來越具有挑戰(zhàn)性 。 石油化學(xué)家的起始原料是古老的有機體的 C-基合成物賦予的禮物 , 以化石類的形式留存了 CO2- 基礎(chǔ)的光合作用儲存的能量 , 和數(shù)不清的 C- C鍵組成的物質(zhì) 。 一依賴于可逆的羰基化學(xué) 、 一依賴于不可逆的烯烴化學(xué) , 但這兩種方法的核心不應(yīng)該混淆 。 鏈接化學(xué)的基本標準: 鏈接反應(yīng)必須是模塊化 、 應(yīng)用范圍寬 、 高產(chǎn)率和立體選擇性的 , 通常還具有較高的熱力學(xué)驅(qū)動力 , 使反應(yīng)迅速 , 并得到單一產(chǎn)物 。 可分成兩類:質(zhì)子可以往返穿梭的 ( 如環(huán)氧環(huán)的開環(huán)反應(yīng) ) 和無 σ鍵參與的 ( 如環(huán)加成 ) ——最實用最可靠的是 Huisgen偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng) 。 如順環(huán)己二烯的雙環(huán)氧化物與胺的反應(yīng) , 在無溶劑的情況下 , 生成氨基醇;在質(zhì)子性溶劑中 , 生成區(qū)域異構(gòu)體 , 產(chǎn)物可通過重結(jié)晶分離 B n H N N H B nO HH On e a t4 e q u i v . B n N H21 5 0oCO O4 e q u i v . B n N H2r e f l u xC H3O HH O N H B nO HB n H N9 4 %9 0 %N T sNH N B o cN T sNH N P h1 2 0oC , 1 2 h1 2 0oC , 1 2 hHN T sNN B o c1 7 0oC , 2 h C O 2 C H 2 = C M e 2HN T sN HN9 8 %9 7 %HN T sNN P h1 7 0oC , 1 0 h1 ) 2 e q u i v . p T s O H . H 2 ON H 2NN9 7 %9 7 %P h2 ) K O HN H5 0oCN H2N3N H2N9 0 % 9 0 ~ 1 0 0 %N a N3/ N H4C lH2OR1R2NNR1 R 2N HN H2N H N H29 5 %N H2N H2. H2O1 m o l % N H4C lO O N H 2NN9 5 % 環(huán)加成反應(yīng) 鏈接化學(xué)的思想在雜原子參與的環(huán)加成反應(yīng)中得到充分的體現(xiàn) , 這些模塊化 (modular)融合 (fusion)的過程把兩個不飽和反應(yīng)物結(jié)合起來 , 生成許多有趣的五元雜環(huán)和六元雜環(huán) 。 在這類反應(yīng)中 ,Cu(I)只對 端基炔 起催化作用 。 用?;杌锎婊酋;杌锟傻玫?5?;倪?, 使用 4硝基苯基氰基甲酸酯則很容易用各種親核試劑 (例如胺和醇鹽 )進行衍生化 。 反應(yīng)需要試劑的被極化, 在此水并不是干擾的介質(zhì) , 更一般的情況是反應(yīng)要求一定的區(qū)分非極化和極化物種活性的杠桿作用 , 水恰恰起到了這