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楊愛萍畢業(yè)論文-以運動為主的社區(qū)干預對市郊絕經(jīng)后婦女骨健康及跌倒風險的影響-wenkub

2023-05-25 09:03:31 本頁面
 

【正文】 的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計 以運動為主的社區(qū)干預項 目 ,并檢測其 對改善市郊絕經(jīng)后婦女骨 密度 、 下肢肌力及平衡功能 的有效性 。 兩組在年齡、性別、文化程度、婚姻狀況、 生育年齡、體重和身高 等方面的差別無統(tǒng)計學意義 ( p>) 。 結(jié)果: 第一階段: ① 市郊 絕經(jīng)后婦女 骨質(zhì)疏松 知識 水平 低下 , 及格率僅為 %。 ③ 市郊絕經(jīng)后婦女骨質(zhì)疏松相關(guān)自我效能的項目平均分總體水平不高。 ② 除 120 度峰 力矩 外 ,干預 組干預 6個月后的肌力各項指標均 顯著高于 干預前 ( p) ,而對照組肌力在干預前后無明顯變化 ( p> ) 。 關(guān)鍵詞: 絕經(jīng)后婦女、骨密度、下肢肌力、平衡功能 、跌倒風險 3 Effect of munitybased program based on exercise on improving bone health and fall risk of menopausal women in suburb Abstract Objective: To develop a munitybased program mainly including exercises and to examine its effectiveness on improving the bone density, muscle power of lower limbs and the equilibrium function of suburban menopausal women on the basis of knowing their relative knowledge of osteoporosis, selfefficacy, diet and exercises. Method: This research project is carried on by two stages. The First Stage: On the principle of convenience sampling, the baseline survey was conducted on 246 menopausal women from the suburbs of Shanghai who met the inclusion criteria with the main instruments of General Status Questionnaire, Osteoporosisrelated knowledge Questionnaire, Osteoporosisrelated Selfefficacy Scale and Diet and Exercises Scale. The Second Stage: 60 menopausal women from the first stage who met the inclusion criteria were divided randomly into experimental group and control group according to the regions. Differences of the two groups on age, sex, educational level, marital status, childbearing age, weight and height had no statistically significance (p)..The experimental group participated in the munitybased program mainly based on the exercises while the control group received the routine nursing care. The main interventions included lectures, distribution of “Brochure of Daily Diet and Life for Osteoporosis Patients” and “Brochure of TumblingPreventing Exercises and Gymnastics ”, individual guide (telephone consultation), group exercises and experience exchange symposiums. The relative knowledge of osteoporosis, selfefficacy and behaviors of both groups were measured respectively before and 2 and 6 months after the intervention and changes were evaluated. Meanwhile, the bone density, muscle power of lower limb and equilibrium function of both groups were measured by the professionals with the relative instruments before and 6 months after the intervention to evaluate the effect of intervention. Results: The First Stage: ① The suburban menopausal women’s knowledge of osteoporosis was humble, barely with the pass rate of %, which from low to high were for exercises, diet, medicines and simple diseases. ② Those menopausal women who were older, lack of education or not in marriage had obviously less knowledge than those younger, bettereducated or in marriage(p). By multiple regression analysis, the age, educational level and marriage were included in knowledge regression equation (F=, p). ③ The suburban menopausal 4 women’s average score on the project regarding to the selfefficacy of osteoporosis was not high generally. ④ The suburban menopausal women’s behaviors regarding to osteoporosis was relatively low. The average score on diet was obviously lower than that on exercises (t=, P). ⑤ The suburban menopausal women’s behaviors regarding to osteoporosis correlated positively with their relative knowledge and level of selfefficacy(r=~, P). By multiple regression analysis, knowledge and selfefficacy were predictors of the behavior. The Second Stage: ① By repetitive measure analysis of variance and observing 3 time points (before and 2 and 6 months after the intervention), there existed the tendency that the level of knowledge, selfefficacy and behavioral status of experimental group and control group changed with time. The score of experimental group was obviously higher than that of control group (p) and the interaction effect existed between time factor and intervention factor (p). ② Except for the Peak Torque at 120186。 function of balance; fall risk. 5 前言 隨著人口老齡化 和生活方式改變 , 骨質(zhì)疏松 癥 (Osteoporosis, OP)的發(fā)病率逐年 增 高 , 并 已成為 全球 僅次于心血管疾病的 社會 健康問題 [1]。 骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者骨折 后 的死亡率 也 較一般骨折的死亡率 高 2~ 3倍 , 約 2O%的骨折患者在 1年內(nèi) 可 因 臥床不起而引 發(fā) 心、 肺、 腦血管系統(tǒng)疾病,最終導致死亡 [6, 7]。 因此,為了減少絕經(jīng) 后 婦女骨折的發(fā)生必須 增強 這一人群的骨密度 、 下肢 肌力 及 平衡功能 ,促進骨健康,降低跌倒風險 。 研究顯示 ,堅持飲用牛奶者各 部位 的骨密度 顯著高于 飲 用 牛奶量偏少者 [16, 17]。 國內(nèi)外研究 證明太極拳運動可顯著改善老年人的平衡功能,降低跌到率 [2224]。 任何與改變生活方式相關(guān)的護理 干預 是否有效 ,完全 取決于干預對象的依從性 。 但 單一的健康教育對 態(tài)度 的影響,尤其 自我效能的作用是有限的 , 個別指導和集體活動時的鼓勵和榜樣作用可能對個體態(tài)度和 行為 改變 的影響更為顯著。 再者 ,國內(nèi) 的 所有研究均以市區(qū)人群為研究對象,少有涉及文化程度較低、健康知識相對缺乏的郊區(qū)人群。 (二)具體目標 了解 市郊絕經(jīng)后婦女的骨質(zhì)疏松相關(guān)知識、 骨質(zhì)疏松 自我效能 和相關(guān)行為的水平。 8 主要概念 骨質(zhì)疏松癥 (osteoporosis, OP)是以單位體積內(nèi)骨量減少、骨的微結(jié)構(gòu)退化、骨皮質(zhì)變薄、骨小梁數(shù)目減少、骨髓腔增寬、骨強度減低、易于骨折等為特征的系統(tǒng)性骨病 [31]。 肌力 肌力是指肌肉收縮的力量,是機體的某一部分肌肉工作(收縮或舒展)時克服內(nèi)外阻力的能力。 自我效能 自我效能是個體對自己能否在一定層面上完成某些影響自己人生的活動所具備的能力判斷或信念 [ 34]。 具體步驟如下: 1.預試驗 通過預試驗,對研究方案、調(diào)查量表及問卷進行修訂。 5.制定 以 運動 為主 、輔以飲食指導的社區(qū)綜合 干預 項目 在參考國內(nèi)外文獻以及基線調(diào)查結(jié)果 的基礎(chǔ)上 制定干預初步方案,并通過專家咨詢與課題組的充分認證,最終確定具有可行性的、科學的干預方案。 10 實施 干預項目 干預前資料收集 知識、自我效能、行為 骨密度、平衡功能、肌力 干預 6個月后效果分析 知識、自我效能、行為 干預2個月后測定 門診 常規(guī)宣教 上海市市郊絕經(jīng)后婦女 干預組 對照組 松江九亭社區(qū)朱涇浜村絕經(jīng)后婦女 確定第二階段的研究對象 門診 常規(guī)宣教 第一階段的基線調(diào)查 實施 干預項目 圖 1 課題技術(shù)路線 11 第一部分 基線調(diào)查 本研究就 絕經(jīng)后婦女的 一般情況 、 骨質(zhì)疏松相關(guān)知識 、 骨質(zhì)疏松自我效能 及其行為水平 進行調(diào)查, 為第二階段干預 方案的制定提供基礎(chǔ) 資料 。 抽樣方法:方便抽樣 3. 研究場所 朱涇浜村居委會 、 居民 的家中。分數(shù)越高表示知識水平越高。量表共 19 個條目,分 運動 和飲食兩部分,其中, 運動 相關(guān)自我效能 9 條,飲食相關(guān)自我效能 10 條。a 系數(shù)為 ,重測 信度系數(shù) 為 。 計分方法: 采用 Likert 5 點計分 法,從 1分 5分,行為頻度逐漸提高。 5. 資料收集過程 預調(diào)查 進行預調(diào)查,以檢查設(shè)計方案、調(diào)查量表及問卷有無不妥之處。 在 調(diào)查員 解釋研究目的
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