【正文】 of these cultural terms is one of the most difficult points and major barriers in the EnglishChinese translation and crosscultural munication, and it is also the main reason to cause misunderstanding for Chinese readers. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the important issues concerned 杭州師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 多元系統(tǒng)論視角下文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯研究 — 以楊必《名利場(chǎng)》為例 3 by translators and to put forward some feasible strategies to develop the strong points to display English culture in front of Chinese readers. The Scope of the Study This paper focuses on the translation of cultureloaded words under the guidance of Polysystem Theory from the perspective of the relationship between culture and translation. The theme that culture is closely related to language and exerts great influence on the translation of cultural terms has been highlighted in the paper. Two reasons can be put forward to support this. For the first reason, due to the different experiences, cultures and cultural backgrounds, munications and information exchanges are surely to be affected. For the other reason, the language of one country derived from its own history, so it is also the reflection of its cultural differences. As a result, translation is inevitable, and plays an important role in crosscultural munication, it is not only a linguistic transfer but also a cultural transfer, because there are different religious beliefs, different ways of life and value outlooks, special living surroundings and unique traditional customs in people using different languages. Through long historical development and changes, each ethnic group has formed its unique features of culture. These unique cultural features lead to the differences in both conceptual and associative meanings of cultureloaded words and expressions. As the cultural elements are being more and more important during the translation process between two languages, translators must show great sensitiveness for the barriers caused by cultural differences in translation and work out efficient solutions. Nida points out that “most of the translation errors occur not from the patterns of the plex grammar but from misunderstanding of the source culture (1964)”. When a translator translates literary works from one language into another one, he/she has to take lexical equivalence into consideration in the first place, so the render of cultureloaded words and expressions bees the most difficult and 杭州師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 多元系統(tǒng)論視角下文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯研究 — 以楊必《名利場(chǎng)》為例 4 important one for them. In this paper, the researcher studies the translation of cultureloaded words existing in Vanity Fair from the perspective of Polysystem Theory, and by analyzing the state of Chinese literature in 1950s and the strategies employed by Yang Bi when she translated the cultureloaded words in Vanity Fair, the researcher aims to discuss the following two questions: 1. Which translation strategies will be employed during the translation of cultureloaded words? 2. Under Polysystem Theory, which method is the preferable one for the translation of cultureloaded words among domestication and foreignization？ The Organization of the Study This paper aims to study cultureloaded lexemes and their translation approaches under Polysystem Theory. It mainly consists of five chapters. Chapter One mainly clarifies the significance of the study firstly by introducing the historical development of translation theory and major translation thoughts in western countries, and then focusing on the concerning subjects connected: Polysystem Theory, the accurate render of crossculture elements in translation, cultureloaded words and its translation. In Chapter Two, an overview of Polysystem, the application and the significance of Polysystem Theory in translation are included. There are four parts in Chapter Three. The first part introduces what culture is. After this part some different definitions of cultureloaded words are to be presented, and the general classification of cultureloaded words is to be discussed, in which Nida’s classification is regarded to be the most frequentlyadopted one. Following this part the difficulties for translation of cultureloaded words are to be explained from three perspectives. The last part of this chapter introduces two major strategies employed in translating cultureloaded words, that is domestication and foreignization. Chapter Four is the key part of this paper. After a brief introduction of Vanity Fair and its 杭州師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 多元系統(tǒng)論視角下文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯研究 — 以楊必《名利場(chǎng)》為例 5 Chinese version, the state of Chinese literature in 1950s from the view of Polysystem Theory has been discussed, thus the position assumed by translated literature will be absolutely clear. Then based on the analysis, the English cultureloaded words in Vanity Fair are to be classified and their translation methods in Yang Bi’s version clearly explained. Moreover, the analysis of the translation methods adopted in translating English cultureloaded words in Vanity Fair is to be highlighted. The last chapter is the conclusion of the whole paper. All in all, on the premise of relative translatability of culture, the paper es to the conclusion that under Polysystem Theory, cultural factors in translation and the position of translated literature may affect the translation methods of novel. CHAPRER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 杭州師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 多元系統(tǒng)論視角下文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯研究 — 以楊必《名利場(chǎng)》為例 6 An Overview of Polysystem Theory The Origin of Polysystem Theory Polysystem Theory was firstly put forward by Even Zohar, Itamar at Tel Aviv University, the Israeli culture researcher and professor, at the beginning of 1970s. In 1978, Even Zohor published his memoir with the name “Papers in Historical Poetics”, in which the terminolo