【正文】 ② 快速捕捉、搜集競(jìng)爭(zhēng)信息 ,并迅速把它們轉(zhuǎn)換成競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 情報(bào)和知識(shí)。 ④ 消除或控制污染 ,提高企業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性。 ⑥ 創(chuàng)新和改進(jìn)了的流 (過(guò) )程。 RMSs 是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)制造系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、建造與運(yùn)行理論和方法的創(chuàng)新 ,它利用系統(tǒng)組元 /模塊組態(tài) (布局 )的可變性與可更新性實(shí)現(xiàn)制造系統(tǒng)的可變性。 ③ 新的物料過(guò)程 (New Materials Process)。 ⑤ 企業(yè)建模與仿真 (Enterprise Modeling and Simulation)。 ⑦ 產(chǎn)品與過(guò)程的設(shè)計(jì)方法 (Product and Process Design Methods)。 ⑨ 員工的教育與培訓(xùn) (Workforce Education and Training)。它包括成組通信協(xié)議、制造專(zhuān)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議、分布式企業(yè)流程控制方法與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和共享知識(shí)等軟件的開(kāi)發(fā) ,是利用人的交互動(dòng)力學(xué)模型和全部智能合作軟件與接口軟件形成的虛擬合作空間。工業(yè)工程師們應(yīng)該積極進(jìn)行信息系統(tǒng)及其軟件工具的研究開(kāi)發(fā) ,特別是 SCM、 CRM,XRP(擴(kuò)展的資源規(guī)劃 ),以及電子貿(mào)易 (e2C)、電子商務(wù) (e2B)和知識(shí)管理的工程系統(tǒng)的研究、開(kāi)發(fā)與利用。所謂約束管理 ,是由 E1M1Goldratt 開(kāi)發(fā)的一種管理哲理 ,它由三個(gè)分離而相關(guān)的業(yè)績(jī)測(cè)定、邏輯思考過(guò)程和后勤保護(hù)工程組成 (APICS,2020)。 ② 約束是阻止 (企業(yè) )系統(tǒng)按其目標(biāo)達(dá)到更高業(yè)績(jī)水平的因素 (APICS,2020)。測(cè)定每天的業(yè)績(jī)改進(jìn)企業(yè)的業(yè)績(jī)系統(tǒng) 。同時(shí) ,工業(yè)工程還應(yīng)該繼續(xù)利用 TOC 理論、 DBD(基于決策的設(shè)計(jì) )等理論在組織的系統(tǒng)管理、發(fā)揮人因作用 ,特別是為建立管理系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)做出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。 5) 企業(yè)員工教育與培訓(xùn)的革新 。 流程設(shè)計(jì)與再造是改進(jìn)工業(yè)工程方法、工作 /作業(yè)測(cè)定和企業(yè) “全組織業(yè)績(jī) ”的重要方法與工具。在我國(guó)，工作研究的應(yīng)用處于起步階段，還存在很多亟待解決的問(wèn)題。 工作研究在國(guó)外的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用上已有上百年歷史， 60 年代以前就已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了成熟期。 1)國(guó)外工作研究發(fā)展?fàn)顩r： 工作研究自十九世紀(jì)末被創(chuàng)立以來(lái)，在西方工業(yè)化國(guó)家就有著快速的發(fā)展和廣泛的應(yīng)用。工作研究軟件更是層出不窮，而且功能越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大，操作界面也日益人性化。它主要用于作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間的開(kāi)發(fā)和作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的維護(hù)。從 1985 年開(kāi)始，機(jī)電行業(yè)部分企業(yè)推行了工作研究。如鞍山鋼鐵公司在煉鋼廠、機(jī)械廠、選礦廠等 20 個(gè)單位進(jìn)行試點(diǎn)，通過(guò)推行方法研究，改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)工藝，已取得 萬(wàn)元的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 。這樣形成的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，其準(zhǔn)確性、及時(shí)性、規(guī)范性和可靠性一般都比較差，很難為各種管理決策提供可靠的支持。 A．工作研究技術(shù)處于手工狀態(tài)，限制了工作研究的普及： 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，生產(chǎn)的不斷發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)在工業(yè)工程領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的應(yīng)用，必然要求提高方法研究和定額工作的效 率和質(zhì)量，但由于工作研究技術(shù)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)依賴(lài)于人的技能程度，作業(yè)方法設(shè)計(jì)一直由工作研究人員憑借其工作研究知識(shí)和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，設(shè)計(jì)各種作業(yè)流程并計(jì)算其相應(yīng)工時(shí)定額。究其原因，固然有軟件商對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域的忽視，但其主要原因卻暴露了國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)對(duì)基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的漠視態(tài)度，對(duì)工作研究軟件缺乏系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)。 為了解決這些問(wèn)題和矛盾，國(guó)內(nèi)一些企業(yè)開(kāi)始探索計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工作研究系統(tǒng)，特別是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助勞動(dòng)定額系統(tǒng)。 總之，對(duì)于我國(guó)企業(yè)，實(shí)施工作研究并不斷創(chuàng)新，探索工作研究理論與信息技術(shù)的結(jié)合途徑，開(kāi)發(fā)并應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工作研究系統(tǒng) (CAWS 系統(tǒng) )，成為解決我國(guó)工作研究領(lǐng)域問(wèn)題和矛盾的必經(jīng)之路。s rapid response capability. To this end, manufacturers must make full use of emerce and concurrent engineering and other technical means and tools. ② Rapid captures, collect petitive information, and quickly put them into petitive intelligence and knowledge. Industrial projects must make full use of petitive intelligence (petitive intelligence), horizontal parison (benchmarking) and the relations (relationship) and other advanced methods and tools. ③ Rapid deployment and system integration, technology and resources. Manufacture and development of the work based on Inter and intra munication. ④ Eliminate or control pollution, enhance their adaptability to the environment. Executive: the smallest nonrenewable resource use, minimize energy use, air and water pollution minimization, so that work and living environment of the four criteria for green guidelines. ⑤ The development of rebinant enterprises (Reconfigurable Enterprise). The socalled reorganization of enterprises can be in a good infrastructure (such as laws, regulations and administrative, and the orderly and efficient financial and market operation, distribution of resources and munication works, and other social conditions) support, according to task or project requests for cooperation can quickly Polymerization (that is posed of dynamic alliance or virtual), once the task is pleted, we can fasttrack dissolution of a new generation of variable organization and management of enterprises. ⑥ Innovation and improvement in the flow of (the) way. It is based on elementary particle physics, biotechnology, nanotechnology and micro and small parts of the production and manufacture of materials and innovations in technology to improve the methods and processes. At the same time, Industrial projects should actively participate in the response to the challenge of the 10 key technology research and development, they are: ① Reconfigurable Manufacturing System RMSs (Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems). Manufacturing Practice has proved that enterprises in the three core elements of petition in the manufacturing system often meet customer demand for the development of new products to market and rapid response to market the business activities of the bottleneck. RMSs of traditional manufacturing systems planning, design, construction and operation of the innovation theory and method, which uses system ponent / module configuration (layout) of the variability can be updated with the realization of the manufacturing system variability. It will of the products, manufacturing systems and the installation of hardware and software design and manufacturing have a profound impact. ② No loss of processing (Waste2free Processing). The future of the manufacturing process is energy consumption and minimize the consumption of resources. ③ New course materials (New Materials Process). It is built on the innovations of raw materials and spare parts manufacturing methods and processes on the basis of. ④ Manufacturing biotechnology (Biotechnology for Manufacturing). It is the use of technology to automate the processing and assembling a new generation of manufacturing technology. ⑤ Enterprise modeling and simulation (Enterprise Modeling and Simulation). Such technology to solve enterprise system transformation, business processes and manufacturing operations of all the modeling, simulation and systems integration and other issues effectively integrated. ⑥ IT (Information Technology). It is the correct and efficient decisionmaking at all levels to provide key information in all directions and the rapid conversion of intelligence information and knowledge technologies. ⑦ Product and process design (Product and Process Design Methods). It requires innovative systems, products and processes/process design theory, methods and tools, is the next generation of puteraided design principle, methods and tools. ⑧ Enhanced machines the interface (Enhanced Machine Human Interfaces). It is machines and people to solve the problem of a new generation of humanputer interface engineering technology, focused on solving the physical interface design and enhance the learning ability of the staff problems. ⑨ Staff education and training (Workforce Education and Training