【正文】 on39。 “反話正說”的命題方式是指選項(xiàng)用肯定的方式來表述文中用否定方式所表述 的內(nèi)容。 “語言簡(jiǎn)化”是命題專家命題使用語言時(shí)所必須遵守的總則。較之前者，這種情況的迷惑性更大，也是最危險(xiǎn)的干擾項(xiàng)；但只 有符合第四種情況，即兩個(gè)圓完全重合、內(nèi)容完全相符的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。 2020年考研試題的 20道閱讀題中只有 4道題目 (3道主旨題， 1道判斷題 )無法依據(jù)題干語言在原文中圈點(diǎn)，其他的 16 道題目均 可根據(jù)題干命題語言在文中圈點(diǎn)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，答案基本就在所圈語句的附 近。 第二步“圈點(diǎn)到位”，是就審題而言，實(shí)質(zhì)上就是要求考生審題到位，弄清楚 題目針對(duì)文章的什么內(nèi)容提問?？忌M量將第一段的每一句話都理解透徹，因?yàn)檎莆樟说谝? 段，就已經(jīng)基本了解掌握了整篇文章的內(nèi)容，至于其他的段落可以加快速度， 看得懂就看，看不懂就暫時(shí)跳過去，在不懂的地方做出記號(hào)，留待以后解決。 一、 應(yīng)試總則 翻開考研英語試卷的閱讀部分，考生首先應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握的最基本的應(yīng)試總則可以概 括為 12個(gè)字：文章思路、圈點(diǎn)到位、重疊原文。建議考生先快后慢、先易后難，先略讀文章， 總體上把握，再細(xì)讀搜尋答案，先解決容易的事實(shí)題再做較難的考深層含義的 題。動(dòng)詞作為語句結(jié)構(gòu)的樞紐，意義 重大，可以幫助考生理解作者的思想意圖，而名詞常常是關(guān)于事實(shí)的，細(xì)節(jié)題 常考的內(nèi)容多與名詞有關(guān)。從句子與句子，段落與段落之間的過渡可以讀出作 者整個(gè)的思路及論證過程，才能做出正確的推理、判斷或引申。把握文章大意，可以從理解段落大意著手，找 到段落的主題句，主題句一般位于段首或段尾。根據(jù)所讀材料，考 生應(yīng)能： 1． 理解主旨要義； 2． 理解文中的具體信息； 3． 理解文中的概念性含義； 4． 進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申； 5． 根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞的詞義； 6． 理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及單句之間 、段落之間的關(guān)系； 7． 理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度； 8． 區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。胡敏教授解密考研閱讀命題與對(duì)策（轉(zhuǎn)自新航道論壇） 閱讀理解題命題原則與應(yīng)試對(duì)策考生在復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)研究生英語試卷的 閱讀理解部分雖只有 20道題，分?jǐn)?shù)值卻占總分的 40%，而這一部分正是考生的難 點(diǎn)所在，所以能否在閱讀理解這一部分取得理想的成績(jī)，就成為考研英語成功 的關(guān)鍵所在。 基于對(duì)歷年考題閱讀部分的總體分析和對(duì) 2020年考試閱讀部分的預(yù)測(cè)，筆者建 議考生在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)注意把握以下幾點(diǎn)： ，掌握作者的主要論點(diǎn)，把握文中的重要信息。 文章的作者一般都會(huì)直接或間 接地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)和傾向，許多作者會(huì)通過主題句來表達(dá)自己的論點(diǎn)，或是 間接地把自己的觀點(diǎn)在關(guān)鍵詞或行文的字里行間體現(xiàn)出來，考生要有意訓(xùn)練自 己在這方面的能力。平時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)， 考生應(yīng)多注意一些過渡詞。難句和復(fù)雜句多是具有深層含義的，學(xué)會(huì)解讀難 句、復(fù)雜句須從其結(jié)構(gòu)入手。 比較強(qiáng)的英美報(bào)刊文章。事實(shí)上這 12個(gè)字已經(jīng)概括了閱 讀解題的全部過程。 讀完文章并理清思路后就可以接著閱讀試題，命題專家在設(shè)計(jì)考卷時(shí)，題目排 列的次序與文章的布局基本是相吻合的，也就是說題目所需要的信息點(diǎn)在文章 中應(yīng)當(dāng)是按順序出現(xiàn)的，這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)差的考生相當(dāng)重要，因?yàn)榭忌?全可 以根據(jù)每篇文章題目的題干來推測(cè)文章大致的內(nèi)容和思路?？忌谧x完題目后通常會(huì)返回到文章里去尋找 答案，這時(shí)又會(huì)出現(xiàn)另一種情況，有些考生文章都看懂了，可就是找不到答案 在哪里。所以只要能在掌握文章思路的基礎(chǔ)上做到“圈點(diǎn)到位”，基本上所有的閱 讀題目都可以迎刃而解，特別是具體的細(xì)節(jié)題，可以說是手到擒來。 因此在檢查時(shí)，考生要做的就是把 所選的選項(xiàng)與文章中相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容做比較，看 其是否能與原文重疊。在設(shè)置選項(xiàng)時(shí)， 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的長(zhǎng)度及句法不應(yīng)有太大差異，而選項(xiàng)所使用的語言難度必須低于文 章本身的難度。僅在 2020年的考研試卷中，就有四道題目采用了這種命題方式。t have unpredictable things, you don39。 例 This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, receives a new form of expression. Futurists claim that we must. ［ A］ increase the production of literature ［ B］ use poetry to relieve modern stress ［ C］ develop new modes of expression ［ D］ avoid using adjectives and verbs［ 2020年 61題］ C［正確答案］ 命題專家常常采用“語言簡(jiǎn)化”、“反話正說”、“正話反說”、“關(guān)鍵詞替 換”這四種方式設(shè)置考題，對(duì)考生進(jìn)行干擾。 筆者建議考生在做主題題型時(shí)遵循這樣的原則：因?yàn)榇祟愵}干擾性最大，難度 也最大，考生須讀完全文才能準(zhǔn)確把握文章主題。 此類題型位置較為固定，一般是第一個(gè)問題或最后一個(gè)問題，要求考 生為文章 選擇合適的標(biāo)題或是總結(jié)文章的中心思想。 convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful acmodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that39。s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn39。下列例題即為隱蔽 的主題題型經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的 形式，考生應(yīng)熟悉此類題型的語言形式，以利于審題時(shí) 準(zhǔn)確判斷題型。d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I39。t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” She says. Even before Alan Greenspan39。t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy39。t mind a litter fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock_market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan39。例如作者在談 一件事時(shí)是用反諷的口氣，還是贊成的語氣，此類題所給的答案選項(xiàng)一般是四 個(gè)形容詞，考生應(yīng)在審題時(shí)就把握好這四個(gè)形容詞所表達(dá)的意思，然后返回文 章去尋找感覺。 例 Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply_cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near_tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979—1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double_digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four_fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy_intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices average $22 a barrel for a full year, pared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only %% of GDP. That is less than one_quarter of the ine loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil_importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have bee more energy_intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s