【正文】 or needs of the workmen employed by the pany in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.“像這樣的‘持股人’對(duì)所 持股票公司雇用的工人的生活，思想和需求一無(wú)所知，他對(duì)資本與勞工關(guān)系沒(méi) 有什么好的影響。s movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “fortable” classes who had retired on their ines, and who had no relation to the rest of the munity except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders39。例如作者在談 一件事時(shí)是用反諷的口氣，還是贊成的語(yǔ)氣，此類題所給的答案選項(xiàng)一般是四 個(gè)形容詞，考生應(yīng)在審題時(shí)就把握好這四個(gè)形容詞所表達(dá)的意思，然后返回文 章去尋找感覺(jué)。t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy39。d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I39。s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn39。 此類題型位置較為固定，一般是第一個(gè)問(wèn)題或最后一個(gè)問(wèn)題，要求考 生為文章 選擇合適的標(biāo)題或是總結(jié)文章的中心思想。 例 This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, receives a new form of expression. Futurists claim that we must. ［ A］ increase the production of literature ［ B］ use poetry to relieve modern stress ［ C］ develop new modes of expression ［ D］ avoid using adjectives and verbs［ 2020年 61題］ C［正確答案］ 命題專家常常采用“語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化”、“反話正說(shuō)”、“正話反說(shuō)”、“關(guān)鍵詞替 換”這四種方式設(shè)置考題，對(duì)考生進(jìn)行干擾。僅在 2020年的考研試卷中，就有四道題目采用了這種命題方式。 因此在檢查時(shí)，考生要做的就是把 所選的選項(xiàng)與文章中相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容做比較，看 其是否能與原文重疊?？忌谧x完題目后通常會(huì)返回到文章里去尋找 答案，這時(shí)又會(huì)出現(xiàn)另一種情況，有些考生文章都看懂了，可就是找不到答案 在哪里。事實(shí)上這 12個(gè)字已經(jīng)概括了閱 讀解題的全部過(guò)程。難句和復(fù)雜句多是具有深層含義的，學(xué)會(huì)解讀難 句、復(fù)雜句須從其結(jié)構(gòu)入手。 文章的作者一般都會(huì)直接或間 接地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)和傾向，許多作者會(huì)通過(guò)主題句來(lái)表達(dá)自己的論點(diǎn)，或是 間接地把自己的觀點(diǎn)在關(guān)鍵詞或行文的字里行間體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，考生要有意訓(xùn)練自 己在這方面的能力。胡敏教授解密考研閱讀命題與對(duì)策（轉(zhuǎn)自新航道論壇） 閱讀理解題命題原則與應(yīng)試對(duì)策考生在復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)研究生英語(yǔ)試卷的 閱讀理解部分雖只有 20道題，分?jǐn)?shù)值卻占總分的 40%，而這一部分正是考生的難 點(diǎn)所在，所以能否在閱讀理解這一部分取得理想的成績(jī)，就成為考研英語(yǔ)成功 的關(guān)鍵所在。把握文章大意，可以從理解段落大意著手，找 到段落的主題句，主題句一般位于段首或段尾。動(dòng)詞作為語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)的樞紐，意義 重大，可以幫助考生理解作者的思想意圖，而名詞常常是關(guān)于事實(shí)的，細(xì)節(jié)題 常考的內(nèi)容多與名詞有關(guān)。 一、 應(yīng)試總則 翻開考研英語(yǔ)試卷的閱讀部分，考生首先應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握的最基本的應(yīng)試總則可以概 括為 12個(gè)字：文章思路、圈點(diǎn)到位、重疊原文。 第二步“圈點(diǎn)到位”，是就審題而言，實(shí)質(zhì)上就是要求考生審題到位，弄清楚 題目針對(duì)文章的什么內(nèi)容提問(wèn)。較之前者，這種情況的迷惑性更大，也是最危險(xiǎn)的干擾項(xiàng)；但只 有符合第四種情況，即兩個(gè)圓完全重合、內(nèi)容完全相符的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。 “反話正說(shuō)”的命題方式是指選項(xiàng)用肯定的方式來(lái)表述文中用否定方式所表述 的內(nèi)容。t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things ［ C］ should write more concise reports for technical journals ［ D］ should be confident about their research findings［ 1999年第 68 題］ B［正確答案］ “關(guān)鍵詞替換”是出現(xiàn)最頻繁的命題方式，幾乎每年都有一些用這種方式設(shè)置 的題目。 主題題型分為以下兩種。ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman39。t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she39。s pace. But don39。作者態(tài)度題有兩種題型： 1. 文章作者態(tài)度題 這種題目對(duì)考生而言 難度較大，迷惑性也較強(qiáng)，因?yàn)槊}專家是針對(duì)整篇文章 設(shè)問(wèn)，考生很難找到具體對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，所以要把握整篇文章。 and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nieenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world39。 C選項(xiàng)在原文中有兩處 提及，但都是指帶薪經(jīng)理，對(duì)經(jīng)理并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行任何批評(píng)性評(píng)論，因而也不符合 題意。 例 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don39。s prediction about Ukraine has proved true ［ B］ Straitford39。 1994年、 1995年時(shí)此類題目大多是直接問(wèn)考生文 章某句中的“ it”或“ that”等代詞指代什么。 例 The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. A technologist can be pared to an artist because .(明喻 ) ［ A］ they are both winners of awards ［ B］ they are both experts in spatial thinking ［ C］ they both abandon verbal description ［ D］ they both use various instruments［ 1996年 65題］ B［正確答案］ 九、例證原則 讓事實(shí)說(shuō)話往往是最有效的論證方式之一，命題專家在設(shè)置題目時(shí)往往也會(huì)針 對(duì)文中的事例設(shè)問(wèn)，考查考生對(duì)局部結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。re really sorry he has bee paralyzed, but helmets aren39。 在閱讀部分的詞匯題要考的并 不是考生認(rèn)不認(rèn)識(shí)題中所考的單詞，否則便是命 題失效。 例 In the US and Canada,where the right_to_die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. When the author says that “observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling”, he means . ［ A］ observers are taking a wait_and_see attitude towards the future of euthanasia ［ B］ similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries ［ C］ observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes ［ D］ the effect_taking process of the passed bill may finally e to a stop［ 1997年 52題］ B［正確答案］ 十一、詞匯原則 閱讀中的詞匯題通常會(huì)有兩種情況，一種是考生一看到所考的單詞立刻心跳加 速：“完了，這個(gè)詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，大綱上也沒(méi)有。 考生們?cè)趹?yīng)用例證原則解題時(shí)還應(yīng)注意常用的例證方式有兩種：一是先提出觀 點(diǎn)，后舉例說(shuō)明；二是先列舉事例再做出結(jié)論。 例 For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a wele break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were mon problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were wele sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn39。 /對(duì)比 只要首段中出現(xiàn)一對(duì)處于對(duì)比狀況的概念，命題專家通常都會(huì)就此設(shè)置考題， 考生應(yīng)掌握這一規(guī)律，在看到文章首段出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比的內(nèi)容時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即集中 注意力，同時(shí)還要明白，第一段出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)折后所表述的一定是文章 的中心議題，而在首段出現(xiàn)的對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ鹊膬?nèi)容將在下文中進(jìn)行具體的議論， 并在文章最后得出結(jié)論。s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we39。s att