【正文】 重要性因素 受訪公司最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人缺乏安全意識和安全意識差排名，第一和第三的項目經(jīng)理，分別為 和 ， RII。由此可以看出，從對問卷的答復(fù)，只有一小部分高層管理人員參加安全會議。 62％的受訪者表示完成態(tài)度作為主要工具。在目前情況下，通過政府的管理是最可行的方法，是提供安全培訓(xùn)和嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行適當(dāng)法律框架的前提。在大多數(shù)中國施工企業(yè)的安全管理需要關(guān)注如下所示： ?承建商沒有記錄適當(dāng)?shù)陌踩芾碇贫鹊男杳鞔_安全手冊 。 ?缺乏訓(xùn)練 。關(guān)于建筑企業(yè)之間的惡性競爭，政府應(yīng)采取以下措施： ?規(guī)范建筑市場，將其分割成不同的階層，例如，根據(jù)大，中，小型項目類別注冊市場基礎(chǔ)的承建商，上層建筑，地盤平整，排水，土建等，以減少在某些領(lǐng)域競爭的承包商數(shù)量。 received in revised form 23 April 2020。 Factor analysis 1. Introduction All over the world, construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature (Jannadi and BuKhamsin, 2020). Construction safety is always a grave concern for both practitioners and researchers. A number of causes influencing safety performance in the construction industry have been identified that include workers_ attitudes (Hinze, 1981)。 and safety culture (Tam and Fung, 1998。 Mattila and Hyodynmaa, 1988。 or – million RMB Yuan in direct economic losses) were recorded at countryside construction, in which 1097 construction workers lost their lives (China Statistical Yearbook of Construction, 2020). The total construction workforce was 24,286,000 in 1999, representing a rate of these Grade I–IV serious site accidents of per 100,000 workers. The fatality rate in these serious accidents is per 100,000 workers. This seriously underestimates the total fatality rate, as single fatalities are not all reportable. (It is estimated that the actual fatality for USA is per 100,000 workers according to NIOSH, 2020.) This paper describes the findings from a structured questionnaire survey and interviews on safety management to the Chinese construction industry with the following objectives: ? to examine the status of safety management in the industry。 for example, for construction sites having 50 employees or more, main contractors have to nominate a fulltime safety inspector。 ? impact of site accidents on panies。 and the others (11%) rarely provided any training. In the construction industry, construction workers have high mobility and they switch from one pany to another frequently. The transient nature of the construction workforce makes it difficult to train workers. The lack of effective labor training is a major concern in safety management. Fig. 3. Personal protective equipment provided by contractors . Impact of site accidents The questionnaire asked what the most significant impact of site accidents on construction firms was. The possible answers were increase in cost, interrupted construction schedule, impairing reputation of firms, imposing psychological burden on workers, and others. Fig. 4 shows the results. Fig. 4 shows that 68% of the respondents considered impairing reputation of firms as the most serious impact of site accidents. Interrupted construction schedule increase in cost and imposing psychological burden on workers were indicated by 15%, 12% and 5% of the respondents respectively. That means the respondents were in general more concerned about the public view and image, rather than the internal distress of time, cost and labor. . Perceived probability of serious accidents on sites Construction sites exhibit unique hazardous characteristics。 ? top management has a perfunctory attitude towards safety management as revealed from their seldom attendance to safety meetings。 ? reluctant to input of resources to safety。 ? lack of training。 however, it is believed that the figures show only the tip of an iceberg with a large number of unreported fatalities and accidents (Table 5). The safety management in most Chinese construction firms is of grave concern as shown by the finding that: ? most contractors do not have a proper documented safety management system laid down clearly in the safety manuals。 and ? government support. Sixty pleted questionnaires have been received, a response rate of 30%, an average response rate for the construction industry as construction firms are normally found not helpful in pleting questionnaires. In addition, interviews were conducted with government officials of the construction departments in charge of construction safety, focusing on safety policies and procedures issued by the government, safety standards, and factors affecting safety on construction sites. In the survey, all the 200 construction firms are ISO 9000 certified, representing a better picture of safety management than in the average pany as described above. Among the 60 responded, they fall into two categories of ownership: 52 stateowned (87%) and eight publiclisted sharingholding enterprises (13%). Out of all the responding firms, 52 firms (87%) employ over 1001 people, four firms (%) between 501 and 1000, and four firms (%) below 500. 5. Results and discussion . Safety manual and procedures The purpose of the safety manual is to municate a firm_s safety policy, identify the safety factors, define responsibility and control the safety management system. As the backbone of the management system, the manual defines the safety procedures and instructions and identifies the specific requirements. The respondents were asked whether they have a safety manual and safety procedures. 62% of the respondents claimed that they did not have documented safety manuals, while 38% had. With respect to the safety procedure, all the respondents said that they had documented procedures for safety management on construction sites, which formed part of the procedural process control (Clause ) of ISO 9000: 1994. However, the majority of the respondents (92%) claimed that not every worker knew the procedure. That means they had a quality management system, which included and defined a safety procedure but not a structured safety management system supported with a safety manual. . Provision of personal protection equipment The status of the provision of personal protection equipment (PPE) for workers is illustrated in Fig. 3