【正文】 t ypes of sent ence ar e used, what is thei r functi on? Sentence plexity: Do sent ences on whole have a simple or a pl ex str ucture? What i s t he aver age sentence length? Does plexity vary stri kingl y from one sentence to another? Is pl exit y mai nl y due to ( i) coordination, ( i) subordination, ( i ) juxt aposit ion of clauses or of other equi valent str uctures? I n what par ts of t he t ext does pl exit y tend t o occur ? clause t ypes: What types of clauses ar e favored—r elati ve clauses, adver bial clauses, or dif ferent types of nominal clauses? Are non fi ni te for ms monly used, and if so, of what ypes are t hey (i nf init ive, i ng f orm, ed form, ver bl ess st ruct ur e) ? What is t heir funct ion? Cl ause str ucture: Is there anything si gni ficant about clause el ements (eg fr equency of obj ects, adver bi al s, plements。 of tr ansit ve or intr ansi tive ver b const ruct ions)? Ar e ther e any unusual orderings (init ial adverbi als, fr onti ng of object or plement, etc)? Do speci al kinds of cl ause constr ucti on occur (such as t hose wi th preparator y it or there)? Noun phr ases: Are they relatively simple or pl ex? Wher e does t he pl exity l ie (i n pr emodif icat ion by adject ives, nouns, etc, or in postmodif icat ion by preposit ion by preposit ional phrases, r el at ive cl auses, etc)? Ver b phr ases: Ar e ther e any signi ficant departures fr om the use of t he simple past tense? For example, noti ce occurr ences and f unctions of the present t ense, of the progr essive aspect , of the per fect aspect, of modal auxil iaries. other phrase t ypes: Is there anything to be said about ot her phr ases types, such as preposi ti onal phr ases, adver b phr ases, adject ive phrases? Wor d cl asses: Havi ng alr eady considered maj or word clases, we may consider minor wor d cl asses (eg functi onal wor ds), such as preposit ons, conj unct ions, pr onouns, determiners, auxi liari es, interjections. Are par ti cular wor ds of these types used for part icul ar ef fect ( eg demonst rati ves such as this and t hat, negatives such as not, not hi ng)? Gener al : Note whether any general types of grammatical construction are used to special ef ect (eg par at ive or super lati ve constructions, coordinative or l isting constructions, par enthet ical constructions, interj ecti ons and aftert hought s as occur i n causal speech). And see to the number of li st and coordinat ions. Fi gures of Speech Here we consider t he f eatures whi ch are f or egrounded by vir tue of depart ing in some way fr om gener al nor ms of municat ion by means of the language code, for exampl e, exploit at ion of deviati ons fr om the li nguist ic code. Grammatical and l exical schemes ( foregr ounded r epet it ions of expresion) : Ar e ther e any cases of formal and st ruct ur al r epet it on (anaphora, paral el ism, etc) or of mi r or i mage pat er ns ( chiasm us)? I s t he r hetor ical ef fect of these one of antit hesis, r einf or cement , cli max, anti cli max, et c? Phonologi cal schemes: Are t here any phonologi cal pat er ns of rhyme, al lit er at ion, asonance, etc? Are there any sal ient r hythmical pat terns? Do vowel s and consonant sounds pater n or cluster in par ti cular ways? How do these phonol ogical f eatures interact wi th meaning? Tr opes ( foregrounded i r egularit ies of content): Are t here any obvious violati ons of or neologi sms fr om the li nguistic code? For exampl e, are there any neol ogisms (such as “por tent ous infants”) ? Ar e ther e any semant ic, synt acti c, phonological , or graphologi cal devi at i ons? Such devi at ions are oft en t he clue to special i nt er pr et at ions asociated wit h tr adit ional figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, par adox, and i rony. If such tropes occur, what ki nd of speci al interpr etati on i s involved (f or example, metaphor can be clasif ied as per sonif yi ng, animali zi ng, concr eti zi ng, synaest heti c, etc)? Cont ext and cohesion Here we take a l ook at f eatur es which ar e gener al y full y dealt with i n di scour se analysis. Under cohesion ways in which one part of a text i s linked t o another are consi dered。 f or i nstance, t he ways sent ences ar e connected. Thi s is the internal ani zation of a t ext. Under context, roughly the material, ment al , personal, interact ional, social, inst ituti onal, cult ur al , and hi st or ical situation in which the discour se i s m ade, we consi der the external r el at ions of the lit er ar y text or a part of t he t ext, seing it as a discourse pr esupposing a social r el at ion between its par ti ci pants (author and r eader , character and charact er , character and reader, et c.) , and a sharing of knowl edge and asumpti ons by part icipants. Cohesion: Does t he t ext cont ai n l ogical or ot her links between sent ences (eg coordinating conjunct ions, l inking adver bi al s) , or does i t end to r epl y on i mpl icit connect ions of meaning? What sort of use i s made of cross reference by pr onouns (she, it, they, etc), by substi ut e forms ( do, so, etc) , or el lipsis? I s ther e any use made of el egant var iation—the avoidance of r epet it on by substi ut ion of a descr ipti ve phrase ( as “the ol d lawyer” substi ut es f or the repet it on of an earli er “Mr Jones”) ? Are meaning connections reinforced by repet it on of words and phr ases, or by repeat edly using wor ds f rom t he same semantic f ield? Context: Does the writ er addr ess the r eader dir ectl y, or t hr ough the wor ds or thought s of some f ictional character ? What li nguistic clues ( eg f ir st per son pr onouns I , me, my, mine) are t here of the addreser addressee relationship? What ati tude does t he aut hor imply t owards his/ her subject ? If a charact er ’s wor ds or thoughts ar e repr esent ed, is this done by di rect quotati on, or