【正文】 5 FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY 企業(yè) 行為與產(chǎn)業(yè)組織 The Costs of roduction 生產(chǎn)成本 Chapter 13 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. The Market Forces of Supply and Demand ? Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often. ? Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work. ? Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 供給與需求的市場(chǎng)力量 ? 供給 與 需求 是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家最常用的兩個(gè)詞。 ? 供給 與 需求 是使市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的力量。 ? 現(xiàn)代微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)就是研究供給、需求與市場(chǎng)均衡的學(xué)科 。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. WHAT ARE COSTS? ? According to the Law of Supply: ?Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high. ?This results in a supply curve that slopes upward. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 什么是成本 ? ? 根據(jù) 供給規(guī)律 : ?當(dāng)一種物品價(jià)格高時(shí)，廠商愿意生產(chǎn)和銷售的更多。 ?這導(dǎo)致供給曲線向上傾斜。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. WHAT ARE COSTS? ? The Firm’s Objective ?The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 什么是成本 ? ? 企業(yè)的目標(biāo) ?企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)是利潤最大化 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Total Revenue,Total Cost,and profit 總收入、總成本與利潤 ?Total Revenue 總收入 ?The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. 企業(yè)銷售產(chǎn)品所得 ?Total Cost 總成本 ?The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production. 企業(yè)用于生產(chǎn)的投入要素的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. A Firm’s Profit 公司利潤 Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total cost. Profit = Total revenue Total cost 利潤＝總收入－總成本 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Costs as Opportunity Costs ? A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services. ? Explicit and Implicit Costs ?A firm’s cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs. ? Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm. ? Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 成本是機(jī)會(huì)成本 ? 一個(gè)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)量的所有機(jī)會(huì)成本。 ? 顯性成本和隱性成本 ?一個(gè)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括顯性成本與隱性成本。 ? 顯性成本 — 要求企業(yè)直接支付貨幣的投入要素成本。 ? 隱性成本 — 不要求企業(yè)支付貨幣的投入要素成本。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit ?Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit). ?Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs. In other words, they ignore the implicit costs. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤與會(huì)計(jì)利潤 ?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家計(jì)量企業(yè)的 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤 ，即企業(yè)的總收益減去生產(chǎn)所銷售物品和勞務(wù)的所有機(jī)會(huì)成本（顯性的和隱性的）。 ?會(huì)計(jì)師計(jì)量企業(yè)的 會(huì)計(jì)利潤 ，即企業(yè)的總收益減去企業(yè)的顯性成本。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤與會(huì)計(jì)利潤 ?When total revenue exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit. 當(dāng)總收益大于顯性成本和隱性成本時(shí)，企業(yè)賺取經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤。 ?Economic profit is smaller than accounting profit. 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤小于會(huì)計(jì)利潤。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit Revenue Total opportunity costs How an Economist Views a Firm Explicit costs Economic profit Implicit costs Explicit costs Accounting profit How an Accountant Views a Firm Revenue Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤與會(huì)計(jì)利潤 收入 所有機(jī) 會(huì)成本 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家如何看企業(yè) 顯性成本 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤 隱性成本 顯性成本 會(huì)計(jì)利潤 會(huì)計(jì)師如何看企業(yè) 收入 Table 1 A Production Function and Total Cost: Hungry Helen’s Cookie Factory Copyright169。2023 SouthWestern Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 表 1. 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)和總成本：亨格瑞 .海倫的糕點(diǎn)廠 工人數(shù)量 產(chǎn)出 勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量 工廠成本 工人成本 投入總成本 0 1 2 0 50 90 50 40 $30 30 30 $0 10 20 $30 40 50 3 4 120 140 30 20 30 30 30 40 60 70 5 150 10 30 50 80 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. The Production Function 生產(chǎn)函數(shù) The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good. 生產(chǎn)函數(shù) —— 用于生產(chǎn)一種物品的投入量與該物品產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Marginal Product 邊際產(chǎn)量 The marginal product of any input in the production process is the increase in the qua