臺(tái)灣休閑農(nóng)業(yè)課程教材生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(已修改)
2025-01-07 10:29 本頁面
【正文】 P1 組成成員和過程 要 點(diǎn) 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的 概念 1935年 Tansley提出生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的概念，最初的定義包括一個(gè)定義的空間中所有的動(dòng)物、植物和物理的相互作用。近代生態(tài)學(xué)家更傾向于從能（量）流、碳流或營(yíng)養(yǎng)物流來考慮生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。 水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng) The ecosystem concept was proposed by Tansley in 1935, and was originally defined to include all the animals, plants and physical interactions of a defined space. Modern ecologists tend to think of ecosystems in terms of energy flow, carbon flow or nutrient cycles. Key Notes The concept the ecosystem P1 COMPONENTS AND PROCESSES 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)成分 單位面積中活有機(jī)體的身體構(gòu)成了生物量（ biomass）的現(xiàn)存量（ standing crop）：?jiǎn)挝坏兀ɑ蛩┟娣e的有機(jī)體的質(zhì)量，通常以能量或干有機(jī)質(zhì)為單位（例如 t/ha）陸地群落大部分生物是植被。群落初級(jí)生產(chǎn)率是初級(jí)生產(chǎn)者植物所生產(chǎn)的單位面積生物量的速率。通過光合作用固定的總能量是總初級(jí)生產(chǎn)量（ GPP），其中一部分從群落丟失于呼吸作用（ R）。 GPP與 R之差稱為凈初級(jí)生產(chǎn)量（ NPP），它代表了新生物量的產(chǎn)生速率，并可供異養(yǎng)生物（細(xì)菌、真菌和動(dòng)物）消費(fèi)之用。被異養(yǎng)生物生產(chǎn)的生物量叫做次級(jí)生產(chǎn)量。 The bodies of living anisms within a unit area constitute a standing crop of biomass: the mass of anisms per unit area of anisms per unit area of ground (or water), usually expressed in units of energy or dry anic matter (. tons ha1). The great majority of biomass in a terrestrial munity I is the rate at which biomass is produced per unit area by plants, the primary producers. The total fixation of energy by photosynthesis is referred to as gross primary productivty (GPP) of which a proportion (R) is lost form the munity as respiration. The difference between GPP and R is known as primary productivity (NPP) and represents the rate of production of new biomass that is available for consumption by heterotrophic anisms (bacteria, fungi and animals). The production of biomass by heterotrophs is called secondary production. Ecosystem ponents 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與 熱力學(xué)定律 熱力學(xué)第一定律說明，能量既不能被創(chuàng)造，也不能被破壞。熱力學(xué)第二定律說明，每一次“轉(zhuǎn)換都導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)的自由能的減少”。因?yàn)槟芰哭D(zhuǎn)換不可能 100%的有效，因此異養(yǎng)生物的能量較少，必然比它們所吃的植物更少。生態(tài)相互作用的復(fù)雜性意味著，以這些熱力學(xué)定律為基礎(chǔ)去構(gòu)建用于預(yù)測(cè)的數(shù)學(xué)模型是不可能的。 The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. The second law of thermodynamics states that every transformation results in a reduction of the free energy of the system. Because energy transformation cannot be 100% efficient (from the second law), heterotrophs must have less energy,and must therefore be rater than the plants they feed on. The plexity of ecological interactions means that it is no
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