美國(guó)文學(xué)-enlightenment-啟蒙時(shí)期(已修改)
2025-08-17 15:56 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 Part II The Period of Enlightenmentn I. The Enlightenment (movement) (P29)n II. General features of the 18th century literature (P3032)n III. Literary figures n 1. Jonathan Edwardsn 2. Benjamin Franklin n 3. Thomas Paine n 4. John de Crevecoeur n 5. Philip Freneaun I. The Enlightenment (movement) (P29)n 1. Definitionn 2. The Eighteenth century American thinking: deism (自然神 ) and Puritanismn 3. The historical development of North American I. The Enlightenment (movement) (P29)n 1. Definitionn a. the movement of intellectual liberation 。 in Western Europe。 from the late 17th century to the late 18th century (often called the Age of Reason), especially in France. n b. The forerunners in science and philosophy: Bacon, Decartes, Newton and Locke and it culminated with the writings of JeanJacques Rousseau and the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and the political ideals of the American and French Revolutions. Franklin and Thomas Paine are regarded as the representative Enlighteners in North America.Francis Bacon (15611626)n He is the founder of English materialist philosophy （唯物主義哲學(xué)）n “Essays” 《 隨筆集 》n “Knowledge is power”Ren233。 Descartes (1596 1650)n French philosopher。 mathematician and physicist。One of the founders of modern Western philosophy。Father of analytic geometry (解析幾何 )“我思故我在 ”(Cogito ergo sum) Isaac Newton (1643―1727) n English scientist。n Three Laws of Motion n The Universal Law of Gravitation n He (in parallel with Liebnitz) invented the mathematical discipline of calculus (微積分 )John Locke （ 16321704 ） n English philosopher。n The founder of Empiricism (經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義 )n The founder of modern Empiricism (the human mind begins as a tabula rasa（白板說） , and we learn through experience)n Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693). 《 教育漫話 》JeanJacques Rousseau（ 17121781）n 1. Les Confessions n 《 懺悔錄 》n 2. 200。mile n 《 愛彌兒 》n 3. Discours sur l39。origine et les fondements de l39。in233。galit233。 n 《 論人類的起源和不平等》n 4. The Social Contract n 《 社會(huì)契約論 》Immanuel Kant (17241804)n one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western philosophy n one of his most important works, The Critique of Pure Reasonn Empiricism n Rationalismn n r/Part II The Period of Enlightenmentn c. Its central idea: need and the capacity of human reason to clear away ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice. Enlightenment thinking encouraged rational scientific inquiry, humanitarian tolerance and the idea of universal human rights.n d. Its significance in America :n (1) It contributed to free the Americans from the limitations of Puritanism and stimulate them to strive for the establishment of their independence and democratic nation。 (Politically)n (2) It led to the industrial revolution both in Europe and North America and brought capitalism into its flower. (economically)n (3) The literature of the Enlightenment became the main current of eighteenth century American literature. (literarily)n 2. The Eighteenth century American thinking: deism (自然神論 ) and Puritanismn a. The Newtonian theories of motion and the idea of universal gravitation gave rise to a whole set of new ideas and philosophies, among which was deism. n It holds that God is indeed the creator of the universe, “the maker of the clock”, but He has left it to operate according to natural law. The omnipotent power of God was evident.n b. Puritanic thoughts did not seem to be dead. The “Great Awakening” in North America in the 1730s and 1740s was the best tes
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