【正文】 下篇：美國(guó)文學(xué) 第一章 美國(guó)浪漫主義時(shí)期 一、美國(guó)浪漫主義時(shí)期概述 Ⅰ .本章學(xué)習(xí)目的和要求 通過本章學(xué)習(xí)，了解１９世紀(jì)初期至中葉美國(guó)文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的歷史、文化背景；認(rèn)識(shí)該時(shí)期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的基本待征、基本主張，及其對(duì)同時(shí)代和后期美國(guó)文學(xué)的影響；了解該時(shí)期主要作家的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作生涯、創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題思想、人物刻畫、語言風(fēng)格等；同時(shí)結(jié)合注釋，讀懂所選作品并了解其思想內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)特色，培養(yǎng)理解和欣賞文學(xué)作品的能力。 Ⅱ .本章重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn)： 1．浪漫主義時(shí)期美國(guó)文學(xué)的特點(diǎn) 2．主要作家的創(chuàng)作思想、藝 術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、人物刻畫、語言風(fēng)格、思想意義。 3．分析討論選讀作品 Ⅲ .本章考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)和考核要求： (1)． 識(shí)記 內(nèi)容：美國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)歷史及文化背景 (2)． 領(lǐng)會(huì) 內(nèi)容： 美國(guó)浪漫主義在文學(xué)上的表現(xiàn) (3)． 應(yīng)用 內(nèi)容：清教主義、超驗(yàn)主義、象征主義、自由詩等名詞的解釋 Ａ．華盛頓 歐文 1．一般識(shí)記：歐文的生平及創(chuàng)作主 涯 2．識(shí)記：《紐約外史》《見聞札記》 3．領(lǐng)會(huì)：歐文的創(chuàng)作領(lǐng)域、創(chuàng)作思想，及其作品的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格 ：選讀《瑞普 凡 溫可爾》的主題及其藝術(shù)特色 Ｂ．拉爾夫 華爾多 愛默生 1．一般識(shí)記：．愛默生的生平及創(chuàng)作生涯 2．識(shí)記：愛默生的超驗(yàn)主義思想 3．領(lǐng)會(huì)： （ 1）愛默生的散文：《論自然》《論自助》《論美國(guó)學(xué)者》等 （ 2）．愛默生與梭羅：梭羅的超驗(yàn)主義思想和他的《沃爾登》 4． 應(yīng)用：《論自然》節(jié)選：愛默生的基本哲 學(xué)思想及自然觀 Ｃ．納撒尼爾 霍桑 1．一般識(shí)記：霍桑的生平及 創(chuàng)作主涯 2．識(shí)記：霍桑的長(zhǎng)短篇小說 3．領(lǐng)會(huì)： （ 1）《紅字》的主題、心理描寫、象征手法和、小說結(jié)構(gòu) （ 2）霍桑的清教主義思想及加爾文教條中的 原罪 對(duì)霍桑的影響（人性本惡的觀點(diǎn)） （ 3）霍桑對(duì)浪漫主義小說的貢獻(xiàn) 4．應(yīng)用：選讀《小伙子布朗》的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、象征手法及語言特色 Ｄ．華爾特 惠特曼 1．一般識(shí)記：惠特曼的生平及其創(chuàng)作生涯 2．識(shí)記：惠特曼的民主思想 3．領(lǐng)會(huì)： （ 1）惠特曼的《草葉集》的主創(chuàng)意圖、思想感情及詩體形式、語言風(fēng)格 （ 2）．惠特曼的個(gè)人主義 4．應(yīng) 用：選讀《草葉集》詩選： 一個(gè)孩子的成長(zhǎng) 、 涉水的騎兵 39。、 自己之歌 的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、詩歌的藝術(shù)特色、語言風(fēng)格 Ｅ．赫爾曼 麥爾維爾 1．一般識(shí)記：麥爾維爾的生平及創(chuàng)作生涯 2．識(shí)記：麥爾維爾的早期作品：《瑪?shù)亍贰独椎帽尽贰栋淄庖隆?，后期作品《皮埃爾》《騙子的化裝表演》《比利伯德》等 3．領(lǐng)會(huì)：《白鯨》的 （ 1）主題：表層及深層意義 （ 2）小說結(jié)構(gòu)：浪漫主義和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的統(tǒng)一 （ 3）象征手法和寓言的運(yùn)用 （ 4）語言特色 4．應(yīng)用：選讀《白鯨》最后一章的節(jié)選：主題思想、人物刻畫、象征手法、語言 特色 Chapter l The Romantic Period (一 )識(shí)記 內(nèi)容： origin of Romantic American literature The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving39。s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman39。s Leaves of Grass. American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature, from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitmanwhose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. social historical and cultural background The development of the American society nurtured the literature of a great nation. America was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. Historically, it was the time of westward expansion in America economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically, democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation, and the twoparty system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen39。s life, and the wild west. Besides, the nation39。s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus, with a strong sense of optimism, a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century. writers of this period There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period, among whom the betterknown are poets such as Philip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow, James Russel Lowell, John Greenleaf Whitter, Edgar Ellen Poe, and, especially, Walt Whitman, whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the ic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. (二 )．領(lǐng)會(huì)內(nèi)容 impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters, especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one mon cultural heritage, the American writers shared some mon features with the English Romantic ists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry. (1) They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, which included a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural. (2) The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. (3) The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the mon man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. (4) The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving39。s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper39。s long series of historical tales. (5) In short, American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative. unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American