【正文】 n 大自然把你打扮得一身潔白， 她叫你避開庸俗鄙夷的目光： 她布置樹蔭將你遮擋， 又讓潺潺的溪水淌過你的身旁； 安靜的夏天在靜靜地流逝， 卻日見你萎蔫進(jìn)而安睡。butdiebeingmorningleaveinweregrieven 3. shun: avoid。thyshade, AndshunNature39。here, Nolittlethis n b. “Poet of the American Revolution” a profound patriotism and love for American rural scene。 n Tranquility 寧靜n 勿因瑣事或普通而不可避免的事件而煩腦。 吃飯是為了活著 , 活著不是為了吃飯 n Hunger never saw bad bread。 yet don39。n a natural philosopher。n 4. utilitarian tendency。 n 《 論人類的起源和不平等》n 4. The Social Contract n 《 社會契約論 》Immanuel Kant (17241804)n one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western philosophy n one of his most important works, The Critique of Pure Reasonn Empiricism n Rationalismn n r/Part II The Period of Enlightenmentn c. Its central idea: need and the capacity of human reason to clear away ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice. Enlightenment thinking encouraged rational scientific inquiry, humanitarian tolerance and the idea of universal human rights.n d. Its significance in America :n (1) It contributed to free the Americans from the limitations of Puritanism and stimulate them to strive for the establishment of their independence and democratic nation。One of the founders of modern Western philosophy。 from the late 17th century to the late 18th century (often called the Age of Reason), especially in France. n b. The forerunners in science and philosophy: Bacon, Decartes, Newton and Locke and it culminated with the writings of JeanJacques Rousseau and the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and the political ideals of the American and French Revolutions. Franklin and Thomas Paine are regarded as the representative Enlighteners in North America.Francis Bacon (15611626)n He is the founder of English materialist philosophy （唯物主義哲學(xué)）n “Essays” 《 隨筆集 》n “Knowledge is power”Ren233。origine et les fondements de l39。n (6) In the Spring of 1789, Gee Washington was unanimously chosen President of the United States.n II. General features of the 18th century literature (P3032)n 1. obvious transition from Puritanism to the Enlightenment。 n A Calvinist writing about his personal discovery and revelation of God。n During the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress and a member of the mittee to write the Declaration of Independence。 時間是包治百病的良藥。n The Enlighteners: rationalism, order, and education.n Thirteen virtues in “Autobiography”: （ P48）n Temperance(節(jié)制 ):n 吃不過飽而不是思維麻木，飲不及醉而不是精神亢奮；n Silence（靜默）：n 于人于己無益的話不講 ；n Order（秩序）：n 務(wù)使物占其所，事占其時；n Resolution（決心）：n 該做的事必下決心，下決心的事必完成無誤；n Frugality（節(jié)儉）：n 花錢務(wù)必于人于己有益 ,決不浪費(fèi)；n Industry（勤勉）：n 不浪費(fèi)時間，時間務(wù)必花在有用的事上，停止一切不必要的行為；n Sincerity（真誠）：n 有害他人的欺騙行為不做 , 思想務(wù)必正當(dāng)無邪，無根據(jù)的話不說；n Justice 正直n 不做不利他人之事，切勿忘記履行對人有益的義務(wù)而傷害他人。 in its worst state an intolerable one” Common Sense “These are the times that try men’s souls,”… “The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.” The American Crisisn Other works:n “The Age of Reason”: it expressed his deistic view of religion.n “The Rights of Man”： he supported the French Revolution and spread its ideals.n “The American Crisis”4. John de Crevecoeur (17351813)(P3435)n 1) Introductionn A visiting French aristocrat to be settled in New York, owning a plantation from 1765 till the Revolution and returning to France in 1780；n During 15 years in New York, he kept writing in t