【正文】 第1章 緒論 翻譯的性質和類型 翻譯的概念 1) 翻譯是跨語言(crosslinguistic)，跨文化(crosscultural)，跨社會(crosssocial)的交際活動。 2) 翻譯是一種語言文化承載的意義轉換到另一種語言文化中的跨語言，跨文化的交際活動。 Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. 翻譯的本質是釋義,是意義的轉換. Translation is always meaningbased. 對翻譯的性質，有過許多描述，其中奈達()的論述是:“翻譯是指從語義到文體在譯語中用最切近而又最自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原文的信息?！? Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor/target language, the closet natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. 翻譯是科學(science)，是藝術(art)，是技能(craft)翻譯是科學，因為它涉及思維和語言,反映了存在與認識,主體與客體的關系,這種關系可用受一定規(guī)律支配的語言加以描述,翻譯有科學規(guī)律可循,所以是科學。 Translation is a kind of science because it has a whole set of rules governing it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating just as other sciences do.翻譯是藝術，因為翻譯是譯者對原文再創(chuàng)造的過程。譯者不可避免地帶有自己的主觀色彩，有他自己的獨創(chuàng)性。 Translation is also an art, a bilingual art. Like painting, translation enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in words of a different language.翻譯是技能，譯者需采用增詞，減詞，切分,轉換等方法。 Besides, it’s also a craft, because in translation, certain skills and technique are needed in order to attain clearness of style, and fluency in language.What is the difference between a translator and a writer, or “reproducing” and “writing”?In his talk on literary translation published in 1954 Guo Moruo pointed out, “ Translation is creative work. Good translation is as good as writing and may be even better than it. Sometimes translation is more difficult than writing. A writer must have experience in life, but a translator has to experience what the writer has experienced. At the same time, a translator must not only be proficient in his mother tongue but also have a very good foundation in a foreign language. Therefore, translation is not easier than writing at all.”Writers can decide: 1) what to write (content)。 2) whom to write to。 3) how to write。But a translator can’t decide these, so a translator must: 1) avoid the things of your own, such as your feeling or culture. 2) break the barriers between two languages and cultures, and bridge the gap between the two. 可譯性(translatability)與不可譯性(untranslatability)1) Translation is possible Translation deals with people’s thoughts and languages, and people’s thoughts and languages have laws in mon, what’s more, as to culture,different countries have features in mon.2) Translation is impossible Each culture has its individual characteristics which are untranslatable翻譯的可能性，建立在文化的共性上。翻譯的局限性，建立在文化的個性上 。 語言文字的不可譯性拆字合字不可譯: 人曾是僧人弗能成佛, 女卑為婢女又可稱奴繞口令,謎語,幽默: 四是四，十是十，十四是十四，四十是四十，十四不是四十，四十不是十四。重疊詞(reduplication word): 尋尋覓覓,冷冷清清, 凄凄慘慘凄凄….. I look for what I miss I know what it is …歇后語: 狗攆鴨子……呱呱叫……雙關語: 口服心服心臟病口服液廣告詞 Father: Tom, remember to be good while I’m away. Son: Sure, I willfor a dollar Father: Why, when I was your age, I was good for nothing.回文: No X in Nixon. 暗指尼克松辦事果斷，智慧過人。同音詞: 施氏食獅史 藏頭修辭手法的不可譯性聊友相約濃濃情，齋明幾凈淡淡香。 夜不思寐針時弊，話露機鋒論短長。歡歌笑語晝達旦，迎賓送客茶不涼。 前程似錦無限好，來往洪恩美名揚。除了語言的不可譯性,思維文化等也有些不可譯,如: 天干和地支。 陰陽等. 翻譯的類型(Classification)1) Direction: source languagetarget/receptor language (從譯出語和譯入語角度來看): a. from foreign language into Chinese b. from Chinese into foreign language2) Language symbols involved (從涉及的語言符號來看): a. intralingual translation (語內翻譯) b. interlingual translation (語際翻譯) c. intersemiotic translation (符際翻譯)3) Method of translation (從翻譯手段來看) a. oral interpretation (口譯) b. written translation (筆譯) c. puter/machine translation (機器翻譯)4) Subject of translation (從翻譯題材來看) a. specializedsubject translation (專業(yè)性翻譯) b. literary translation (文學翻譯) c. general translation (一般性翻譯)5) Way of translation (從翻譯方式上來看) a. plete/absolute translation (全譯) b. selective translation (摘譯) c. edit and translation/ translation with reconstruction (編譯) 漢英翻譯的單位翻譯單位是翻譯研究和學習翻譯不可忽視的問題，因為它牽涉到在語言轉換過程中，在什么層級上實現(xiàn)翻譯的標準。漢語和英語的語言層級都有詞(word)，短語(phrase)，句子(sentence)，段落(paragraph)和篇章(text)。以篇章為翻譯單位，固然最理想,有時會太大不可能操作。以段落作為翻譯單位有時很長單復句關系比較復雜，初學者不容易把握。對初學者而言，句子是較為理想的翻譯單位。因為：從意義上講，句子能夠表示一個完整意思；從功能上講，句子表示陳述，疑問，祈使，感嘆等語氣；從形態(tài)上講，句子末端有句號，問號或感嘆號為標志。這些都是句子在層級上高于詞和詞組之處。漢語的句子，在理解時容易識別，較容易分析，在表達時又較容易重構，轉換成與之對應的英語句子。必須注意的是,一個句子與相鄰的句子之間存在一定語義的關聯(lián),往往還要依賴于與它相鄰的句子甚至整個篇章,所以孤立地翻譯句子而忽視句際之間的關系是不可取的. 漢英翻譯的標準(criteria)Criteria of translation is the plumbline for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Sourcelanguage–oriented principle(以譯出語為取向的原則). Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a wordforword / lineforline translation or transliteration. . 他是只紙老虎 He is a paper tiger. 這事讓他丟臉 This makes him lose face.思考： it rains cats and dogs (?) the Milky Way (?) the apple of one’s eye (?)2) Targetlanguageoriented principle (以譯入語為取向的原則) Liberal / free translation: .: What is done is done. 木已成舟 Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石Literal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptation for the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes. 三個臭皮匠,合成一個諸葛亮 Two heads are better than one.3) Author and – readeroriented principle (以作者和讀者為取向的原則) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time. 18世紀英國愛丁堡大學教授，翻譯理論家泰特勒(Alexander F. Tytler)提出的三條翻譯基本原理： 1. A translation should give a plete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same characte