【正文】 Unit1 Lesson1 1 礦物（minerals） Minerals definition: Minerals by definition are natural inorganic substances possessing definite chemical positions and atomic structures. 礦物的定義：具有穩(wěn)定的化學(xué)成分、晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的天然無機(jī)化合物。 Mineral types: native and metallic form, oxides, sulphides, carbonates, silicates and chlorides. 礦物的種類：主要按化學(xué)成分劃分：單質(zhì)礦物、氧化物、硫化物、碳酸鹽、硅酸鹽、鹵化物等。 Isomorphism: substitution of atoms within the crystal structure by similar atoms takes place without affecting the atomic structure. 類質(zhì)同象：礦物晶體中的原子被類似原子取代而不改變礦物晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)象。例如：鐵橄欖石—鎂橄欖石。 Polymorphism: different minerals have the same chemical position, but markedly different physical properties due to a difference in atomic structure. 同質(zhì)多象：礦物的化學(xué)成分相同，但晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)不同的現(xiàn)象。例如：金剛石、石墨。 Rocks: Rocks consist of a variety of minerals and form large parts of the earth’s crust. Granite, for instance, which is the most abundant igneous rock, is posed of three main mineral constituents, feldspar, quartz, and mica. 巖石：由一種或多種礦物組成的天然集合體，例如：花崗巖主要由石英、長石、云母以不同比例組成。 2 礦石ores Ore: An ore can be described briefly as an accumulation of mineral in sufficient quantity as to be capable of economic extraction. 礦石:具有經(jīng)濟(jì)利用價值的礦物集合體. Classification: （1） Ores are frequently classed according to the nature of the valuable mineral, such as native ores, sulphide ores and oxidised ores. （2） Ores are also classified by the nature of their gangues, such as calcareous or basic (lime rich), or siliceous, or acidic (silica rich) 礦石的分類:（1）根據(jù)有用礦物的性質(zhì)分為:自然元素礦石(單質(zhì)礦石)、硫化礦和氧化礦等。（2）根據(jù)脈石礦物的性質(zhì)分為：鈣質(zhì)礦石、硅質(zhì)礦石、酸性礦石等。 3 金屬礦石與非金屬礦石metallic ores and nonmetallic ores Ores of economic value can be classed as metallic (when it is used to prepare the metal) or nonmetallic (when it is used to make material), according to the use of the mineral. 根據(jù)礦物的用途劃分：如果以提取礦物中的金屬為目的，則成為金屬礦石；如果礦物直接利用，則稱之為非金屬礦石。Review of the last lesson 1 礦物（minerals） Minerals by definition are natural inorganic substances possessing definite chemical positions and atomic structures. Isomorphism: Many minerals exhibit isomorphism, where substitution of atoms within the crystal structure by similar atoms takes place without affecting the atomic structure. Polymorphism: Minerals can also exhibit polymorphism, different minerals having the same chemical position, but markedly different physical properties due to a difference in atomic structure. 2 礦石ores Ore: An ore can be described briefly as an accumulation of mineral in sufficient quantity as to be capable of economic extraction. 3 金屬礦石與非金屬礦石metallic ores and nonmetallic ores Ores of economic value can be classed as metallic (when it is used to prepare the metal) or nonmetallic (when it is used to make material), according to the use of the mineral. Lesson2 Types of coal煤的種類 Lignite, Subbituminous coal, Bituminous coal and Anthracite. 主要包括:褐煤、亞煙煤、煙煤、無煙煤 Coking and use of coke煉焦及焦炭的應(yīng)用 Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from lowash, lowsulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1,000 176。C (1,832 176。F) so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. 焦炭是一種從低灰、低硫的煙煤中獲得的固態(tài)碳質(zhì)殘余物，煙煤在隔絕氧氣的條件下和1000度的高溫下焙燒，驅(qū)除其中的揮發(fā)份，使固定碳和殘留灰分熔融在一起。 Gasification Coal gasification breaks down the coal into its ponents, usually by subjecting it to high temperature and pressure, using steam and measured amounts of oxygen. 煤氣化是將煤分解為不同的組分，通常是使用蒸汽和一定量的氧氣氣氛，在高溫、高壓條件下進(jìn)行。 Liquefaction液化 包括間接液化和直接液化兩種方法 Indirect synthesis: Coal would be gasified to make syngas and the syngas can be condensed using FischerTropsch catalysts(催化劑) to make light hydrocarbons which are further processed into gasoline and diesel. 間接液化：首先將煤氣化為合成氣，然后在催化劑作用下將合成氣濃縮制備輕質(zhì)烴油，輕質(zhì)烴油在進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化為汽油和柴油。 Direct liquefaction processes: liquefaction by hydrogenation, Solvent Refined Coal, Karrick process 直接液化：包括加氫液化、溶劑精煉、 Karrick法等。 The FischerTropsch process (or FischerTropsch Synthesis) is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. The most mon catalysts are based on iron and cobalt, although nickel and ruthenium have also been used. The principal purpose of this process is to produce a synthetic petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas or biomass, for use as synthetic lubrication oil or as synthetic fuel. Sasol (South African Coal and Oil) is a South African pany involved in mining, energy, chemicals and synfuels. In particular, they produce petrol and diesel profitably from coal and natural gas using FischerTropsch synthesis. The Bergius Process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of lignite (brown coal) at high temperature and pressure. It was first developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. Lignite or subbituminous coal is finely ground and mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. Catalyst is typically added to the mixture. A number of catalysts have been developed over the years, including tungsten or molybdenum sulfides, tin or nickel oleate, and others. Naphtha normally refers to a number of different flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons, . a distillation product from petroleum or coal tar boiling in a certain range and containing certain hydrocarbons, a broad term enpassing any volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture. The Karrick process is a lowtemperature carbonization (LTC) of coal, shale, lignite or any carbonaceous materials. These are heated at 680176。F (360176。C) to 1380 176。F (360 176。C to 749 176。C) in the absence of air to distill out oil and gas. The process was the work of oil shale technologist at the . Bureau of Mines in the 1920s. China has announced high volume mercial coal liquefaction production in late 2007[1], after a successful trial, starting a process that could rapidly free China from dependency upon external OPEC oil imports. Th