【正文】 l distances, and can be broken if extended by a tensile stress. Crushing and Grinding因此，主要有壓力破裂、拉力破裂和剪切破裂三種破裂模式。 破碎是靠剛性表面對(duì)礦石的壓力或是在嚴(yán)格限定的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌道內(nèi)，表面對(duì)礦石的沖擊而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 有用礦物與脈石礦物的解離是通過(guò)粉碎完成的,通過(guò)粉碎使礦石顆粒逐步減小至能夠分離的純凈顆粒。 Enrichment ratio 4 The ratio of concentration The object of mineral processing 品位通常指物料中所含適銷(xiāo)最終產(chǎn)品的含量（如金屬含量，鐵礦石中TFe的含量）。 選礦比是指給礦（原礦）重量與精礦重量之比。 對(duì)于金屬礦選礦來(lái)講，回收率是指進(jìn)入精礦中金屬占礦石中金屬總量的百分比。尤其是處理超細(xì)顆粒時(shí)，這種情況更為嚴(yán)重，分選效率也比較低。 This method discards most of the coarse gangue early in the process, thus considerably reducing grinding costs, as needless minution of liberated gangue is avoided.Lesson6 The “degree of liberation “ refers to the percentage of the mineral occurring as free particles in the ore in relation to the total content. 采用階段分選,可以在及早地丟棄粗顆粒脈石,這樣就避免了已解離脈石的不必要粉碎,能夠大大降低磨礦成本.Review of the last lesson In practice, ores are ground to an optimum mesh of grind, determined by laboratory and pilot scale testwork, to produce an economic degree of liberation. Degree of liberation 解離度 5. Separation dependent on electrical conductivity properties.Lesson5 1. Separation dependent on optical and radioactive properties Mineral processing reduces the bulk and weight of material which must be transported to the smelter，the lack of undesirable waste materials increases the smelter recovery. It is a process of physically separating the grains of valuable minerals from the gangue minerals. Heat treatment: Roasting, Calcination，sizing of the ore and dewatering of the mineral pulps. 5. Separation dependent on electrical conductivity properties. 2. Separation dependent on specific gravity differences. Mineral processing methods 礦物加工有兩類(lèi)基本的作業(yè)，稱(chēng)為有用礦物從脈石礦物中的解離和有用礦物與脈石礦物的分離（富集）。 礦物加工能夠使送往冶煉廠的原料體積和重量大大減少，而且，因原料中的雜質(zhì)含量低，有利于提高冶煉回收率。 2 Function of mineral processing 1 Concept of mineral processing Physical and Mechanical Properties Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons)， ash content and carbon content. Special Combustion Tests特殊燃燒試驗(yàn) Coal is also assayed for oxygen content, hydrogen content and sulphur. Sulphur is also analysed to determine whether it is a sulfide mineral or in a sulfate form。 Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons)， ash content and carbon content. Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals The Karrick process is a lowtemperature carbonization (LTC) of coal, shale, lignite or any carbonaceous materials. These are heated at 360 176。 Liquefaction液化 Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from lowash, lowsulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1,000 176。 and to be a direct coal liquefaction process. While lacking formal confirmation, the process described seems identical to the Karrick process.Review of the last lessonC to 749 176。F (360 The Bergius Process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of lignite (brown coal) at high temperature and pressure. It was first developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. Lignite or subbituminous coal is finely ground and mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. Catalyst is typically added to the mixture. A number of catalysts have been developed over the years, including tungsten or molybdenum sulfides, tin or nickel oleate, and others. 直接液化：包括加氫液化、溶劑精煉、 Karrick法等。 Indirect synthesis: Coal would be gasified to make syngas and the syngas can be condensed using FischerTropsch catalysts(催化劑) to make light hydrocarbons which are further processed into gasoline and diesel. 煤氣化是將煤分解為不同的組分，通常是使用蒸汽和一定量的氧氣氣氛，在高溫、高壓條件下進(jìn)行。 焦炭是一種從低灰、低硫的煙煤中獲得的固態(tài)碳質(zhì)殘余物，煙煤在隔絕氧氣的條件下和1000度的高溫下焙燒，驅(qū)除其中的揮發(fā)份，使固定碳和殘留灰分熔融在一起。 Coking and use of coke煉焦及焦炭的應(yīng)用 Ores of economic value can be classed as metallic (when it is used to prepare the metal) or nonmetallic (when it is used to make material), according to the use of the mineral. Lesson2 Polymorphism: Minerals can also exhibit polymorphism, different minerals having the same chemical position, but markedly different physical properties due to a difference in atomic structure.Review of the last lesson 3 金屬礦石與非金屬礦石metallic ores and nonmetallic ores Classification: （1） Ores are frequently classed according to the nature of the valuable mineral, such as native ores, sulphide ores and oxidised ores. （2） Ores are also classified by the nature of their gangues, such as calcareous or basic (lime rich), or siliceous, or acidic (silica rich) 例如：金剛石、石墨。例如：鐵橄欖石—鎂橄欖石。 礦物的種類(lèi)：主要按化學(xué)成分劃分：?jiǎn)钨|(zhì)礦物、氧化物、硫化物、碳酸鹽、硅酸鹽、鹵化物等。 Minerals definition: Minerals by definition are natural inorganic substances possessing definite chemical positions and atomic structures. 1 礦物（minerals） Mineral types: native and metallic form, oxides, sulphides, carbonates, silicates and chlorides. 類(lèi)質(zhì)同象：礦物晶體中的原子被類(lèi)似原子取代而不改變礦物晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)象。 同質(zhì)多象：礦物的化學(xué)成分相同，但晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)不同的現(xiàn)象。 巖石：由一種或多種礦物組成的天然集合體，例如：花崗巖主要由石英、長(zhǎng)石、云母以不同比例組成。 礦石:具有經(jīng)濟(jì)利用價(jià)值的礦物集合體. Isomorphism: Many minerals exhibit isomorphism, where substitution of atoms within the crystal structure by similar atoms takes place without affecting the atomic structure. 3 金屬礦石與非金屬礦石metallic ores and nonmetallic ores 主要包括:褐煤、亞煙煤、煙煤、無(wú)煙煤F) so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Coal gasification breaks down the coal into its ponents, usually by subjecting it to high temperature and pressure, using steam and measured amounts of oxygen. 包括間接液化和直接液化兩種方法 Direct liquefaction processes: liquefaction by hydrogenation, Solvent Refined Coal, Karrick process Sasol (South African Coal and O