【正文】 ======================Issue 51======================【題目】Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student. 【翻譯】只有針對每個(gè)學(xué)生的需要和興趣，教育才真正的有意義。Demanding needs requirement hobby【題綱】Position: There is no doubt that education should pay more attention on the needs and interests of students, but it is impossible for education to satisfy every student.[開頭]The method to improve the effectivity of education has been argued for a long time. I agree partly of the author39。s claim that education is effective only when it meets the individual needs and interests, but the author unnecessarily extends this claim to each student, which I doubt the probability and effectivity for this measurement. From my angle, of course, the needs and interests of students should be fulfilled, but there also should be some public and basic courses for individuals whether he or she likes it or not. 承認(rèn) 滿足需求使學(xué)生更有興趣的學(xué)習(xí) 而興趣更是成功的一大重要因素和興趣的教育是好教育 從人類的歷史來看 滿足需求是趨勢 特別的需求同樣需要滿足 Helen KellerHer private teacher Annie沒有必要滿足所有人的需求和興趣一方面，興趣是變化的，特別對學(xué)生而言，是不穩(wěn)定的另一方面，興趣是可以培養(yǎng)的，教育首先要完成他自身的責(zé)任：交給學(xué)生一些謀生的基本技能，學(xué)生并只知道自己喜歡什么，卻不知道自己應(yīng)該學(xué)什么，這時(shí)候，就需要進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制mandatory, pulsive教育而且教育的目的最終目的是在于對于社會(huì)發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)，過分強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生興趣勢必會(huì)造成教學(xué)的紊亂，而且學(xué)生的興趣不同階段可能發(fā)生改變；總結(jié)：在不忽視以上前提的情況下，發(fā)展學(xué)生的興趣愛好=================Issue 144=================【題目】It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value. 【翻譯】是藝術(shù)家而不是批評家，給了社會(huì)一些永久的價(jià)值。【提綱】觀點(diǎn)：藝術(shù)的持久價(jià)值源于藝術(shù)家本身創(chuàng)作與評論家關(guān)。開頭：Art is a kind of human treasure that it feeds the human being39。s desire of beauty for thousands of years. From the marvelous Great Pyramid of Khufu to Mona Lisa39。s subtle smile, arts provide human myriad enjoyment. Thanks to these talented artists rather than the critic, they give society something of lasting value for the contemporary and descendants.(predecessor, precursor)Transmitter, introducer, sympathize with, 1．只在一種情況下創(chuàng)造了價(jià)值：批評文章本身就是藝術(shù)品The function of critic is only to explore, evaluate and transmit value but createCritic, a person who evaluates works of art, is just an introducer for the masses to realize the value of works.有了他們我們可以更好的理解，沒有他們，我們照樣可以理解。即使有了批評家，一些人還是無法領(lǐng)略藝術(shù)的美，以為無法和藝術(shù)家產(chǎn)生共鳴 ，可以幫助藝術(shù)進(jìn)步 從藝術(shù)感人的過程，說明沒有批評家，人們照樣可以領(lǐng)略（art is not a handcraft, but a transmission of feeling artist has experienced. Tolstoy）sympathize with舉例，一些孩子天生就能領(lǐng)略藝術(shù)Artists really create the values 用個(gè)排比句音樂 繪畫 sculptureListening to the Moonlight Sonata, we feel like rambling through the moonlight。Watching the Water lily of Monet, we are obsessed by the magic of light and shadow。Standing before the sculpture Kiss of ???ROdan??, we are astonished the power of love which is presented just by stone..=======================Issue48======================48. The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.觀點(diǎn)：基本同意places too much emphasis on individuals的現(xiàn)實(shí)，但有其原因，認(rèn)為大眾和個(gè)人在歷史事件中都是不可或缺的，承認(rèn)大眾的意義不可磨滅，但是研究個(gè)人的確是一條了解歷史的捷徑。Pay too much attention on, consider too much of, neglect, ，也承認(rèn)人民大眾的力量2但是研究大眾不方便 并且資料少 3．另一方面，個(gè)人在歷史事件中有十分重要的作用，關(guān)鍵人物在一定程度上左右了歷史。 Washington, Hitler, Roosevelt, Napoleon,4研究個(gè)人不僅容易入手，并且也能很大程度上了解整個(gè)歷史事件5．主要人物和大眾都很重要。星星和云彩。=======================Issue36======================36:the greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporariesDescendant,觀點(diǎn)：后人更容得出相對客觀的判斷1． 偉大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：為社會(huì) 為他人作出的貢獻(xiàn) 利益 好處 2． 承認(rèn) 當(dāng)代人是經(jīng)常能夠給出正確的結(jié)論 比如各種獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)3． 相比后人 當(dāng)代人觀察的時(shí)間要短 要窄 信息要少 所以不能總是給出公正的結(jié)論 有很多人的成就在他所在的年代沒有得到確認(rèn) Schubert, Van Gogh, Schopenhauer4． 原因 除了觀察年數(shù)狹窄之外的這個(gè)主要原因 可能還因?yàn)? 嫉妒 相比之下 后人更容易給出更好的結(jié)論=====================Issue130=======================【題目】How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society.Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.【翻譯】現(xiàn)在孩子的社會(huì)化程度決定了社會(huì)的命運(yùn)?？上У氖?，我們還沒有學(xué)會(huì)教孩子怎么樣去建設(shè)一個(gè)更好的社會(huì)?！咎峋V】觀點(diǎn)：孩子的社會(huì)化會(huì)對社會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響，但不是上面所說的決定性影響。而且我們目前摸索出的教育方法也是有一定作用的，并不是上文講的那么糟糕。1．社會(huì)化的確很重要(對個(gè)人 對社會(huì))：孩子的社會(huì)化確實(shí)對社會(huì)很重要。（孩子如果將來要成為對社會(huì)有用的人，不僅要學(xué)習(xí)文化知識，也要學(xué)習(xí)變得SOCIAble，也就是與人合作，根據(jù)場合做出判斷?，F(xiàn)在對社會(huì)突出貢獻(xiàn)的人，都很會(huì)融入社會(huì)，研究一些美國歷代總統(tǒng)，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們情商（emotional quotient）都很高的。Quotient 對社會(huì)：如果孩子都沒有很好的社會(huì)化 社會(huì)很難繁榮thrive, prosperity, flourishing，也會(huì)有危害。但是如果一個(gè)孩子光學(xué)會(huì)這些交際的東西，不具備真材實(shí)學(xué)，甚至?xí)ι鐣?huì)有害的。很多騙子，小偷小時(shí)候就是發(fā)現(xiàn)花言巧語就能獲得父母的喜愛，得到自己想要的東西，所以就不學(xué)習(xí)，長大找不到工作，就只能犯罪。 任何事情都不能極端化，孩子要社會(huì)也要知識，才能為社會(huì)貢獻(xiàn)。并不是社會(huì)化越高，社會(huì)就發(fā)展的越好。Helen Keller amp。 Annie做父母的都希望孩子將來有出息，他們會(huì)把他送到最好的學(xué)校，指導(dǎo)孩子課余時(shí)間看書，鼓勵(lì)孩子多跟同齡人接觸，建議他們打工自己學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立。我們這一代很多出色的人都是這么長大的，盡管有個(gè)別父母，沒能好好帶孩子，但是我們不能否認(rèn)大多數(shù)父母知道怎樣使孩子有出息?？偨Y(jié)：孩子的教育問題關(guān)系社會(huì)的命運(yùn)，父母應(yīng)該花時(shí)間使孩子成為健全的人，將來為社會(huì)貢獻(xiàn)。孩子的社會(huì)化對于整個(gè)社會(huì)來說的確很重要，但是顯然還有其他因素，所幸人們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了怎樣去培養(yǎng)孩子去更好的建設(shè)未來社會(huì)。===========Issue 41================= 【題目】Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortunetelling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.nebulous authority, hysteria, resort to, crystal ball, afterlife, evil【翻譯】研究界的一些非主流領(lǐng)域，比如星象學(xué)、占卜術(shù)和意念及超自然探索，在社會(huì)中起到了很重要的作用，因?yàn)樗鼈儩M足了人們無法從主流科學(xué)獲得的需求?！咎峋V】觀點(diǎn)：主要是反對開頭：Nonmainstream areas of inquiry, such as astrology, fortunetelling and psychic and paranormal, have owned a long, long history maybe since human was born. They sometimes provide help for human and answers to the questions which science cannot explain for a moment. So I fundamentally agree with the speaker39。s broad view that these things satisfying human39。s certain needs. But he also argues that they play a vital role in society which I cannot concede. From my angle, nonmainstream areas of inquiry may inflict some potential harm on the participants and society much more than the psychological benefits they offered and as a result, we should still trust the mainstream science.1 承認(rèn)他的功能 與作用:給人們精神支持 解答一些科學(xué)不能回答的問題