【正文】 2說明他們沒有根據(jù) 或者已經(jīng)被證明是錯誤的 列子：21世紀地球?qū)缁蛘呤菬o法被證明 3 指出他的不足與引發(fā)的問題 從個人：hysteria 影響他人 社會：(極端化) 沒有人工作 人類滅亡4是科學改變了人類，我們還是應(yīng)該信任主流科學 不僅是理性的態(tài)度 也是一種科學精神的體現(xiàn)=================Issue 185=================自己的不錯【題目】Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that do speaker or reformer ever could.【翻譯】丑聞無論是政治、學術(shù)還是其他領(lǐng)域可能會是有用的。丑聞可以用演說家或者改革家無法使用的手段讓我們注意到某些問題。開頭：What does the cover stories most tell? Scandals! What does the news most report? Scandals! What is the hottest topic in the internet? Scandals! No doubt will anybody have that scandals catch such a huge attention and focus on a certain problem just as the author of this article says. But I don39。t think scandals will be useful in a long run. Instead, some potential harm would be inflicted..【提綱】1 承認，事情需要關(guān)注2但是，吸引關(guān)注有很多方法，丑聞效果并不好，他使得人們偏移了注意力編個歌星3給人不好的印象難以消除Clinton－LewinskyNixon Watergate結(jié)尾：Scandal is fire, brightening the person who plays with it, and then burn him just leaving a black face one cannot get rid of. So it will be sensible to get away from any scandals. If one need catch the focus and attention of the society, choosing other appropriate alternatives is wise.===================Issue 50=====================【題目】In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.course, discipline, subject, journalism, solidify, theoretical, 【翻譯】為了改善大學的教學質(zhì)量，所有的教員都應(yīng)該被要求花一定時間到學術(shù)領(lǐng)域以外去參加和他們所教科目相關(guān)的工作。【提綱】觀點：太絕對 武斷arbitrary，我們要具體情況具體分析，不能一概而論，畢竟提高教育水平的方法有很多。1．承認在與職業(yè)密切相關(guān)的學科中，老師的職業(yè)經(jīng)驗?zāi)軌蛱岣呓虒W質(zhì)量。比如Journalism，marketing，老師的工作經(jīng)驗?zāi)軌蚪唤o學生很多書上沒有的東西。金融學（financial）, 這些實用型學科，老師的切身經(jīng)驗知道雇主喜歡那些學生，才能有針對的培養(yǎng)學生這方面的能力，工作經(jīng)驗不太有用。人文學科（humanities）因為他們不是專業(yè)的職業(yè)培訓，思考問題的方法。老師去工作，會使限制他們的思維，模式化，反而有害于教學質(zhì)量。例子Hegel 大學教授 很多諾貝爾獎（Nobel Prize ）的獲得者都是一輩子工作在實驗室。很難想象他們都去工作，20世紀還會取得這么大進步嗎？，教員過多投入到工作中，回降低教學質(zhì)量，可以用很多其他辦法，比如多鼓勵學生辯論分析，或者給學生獨立研究的機會等等。 所以我們要看到上面話太絕對了。=======================Issue38======================有時間的話重寫【題目】注意 要比較的是讀書和看電視 不是書和電視In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books.開頭：【翻譯】電視時代的讀書已經(jīng)不像以前那么重要了。人們通過看電視學到的和他們讀書所能學到的一樣多。觀點：平衡：可以學到不同的東西【提綱】1 共同點:都是傳播信息的媒體工具2看TV的優(yōu)點：有聲音 有圖象 直接 the opening ceremonies of Olympic Games, football games movie 及時 政治事件3 讀books的優(yōu)點 :方便 哪都能看 不用等 傳播經(jīng)典 和 深邃的思想4綜合：只讀書的人缺乏活力 只看電視缺乏深度 二者都要 wings of a bird結(jié)尾” All that is real is rational。 and all that is rational is real”, said by Hegel. Both of television and book have its own advancement. As a form of media, they benefit human society in different situation, so neither of them would be substituted by another in the long future.=======================Issue103======================The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.觀點：上面的觀點低估了歷史研究的作用。歷史的作用遠不止于跟自己日常生活相關(guān)才有用。1． 什么是daily life:每天都發(fā)生 每天都要做的 一些表面的事情 routine，trivial, superficial2． 承認歷史和daily life相關(guān)時有用：weather forecast3． 實際上 歷史的作用遠不止于日常生活 他的作用很大 對個人 Contributing to moral understanding: studying stories of individuals and situations allow people to test their moral sense: “history teaching with examples” is a phrase to describe the use of a study of the pasta study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also ordinary people who provided lessons on courage, diligence and constructive protest. Socrates Bruno 對社會 providing materials available to other humanitiesHelping to predict (anticipate) the trend of societyproviding identity: this is unquestionably one of the reasons all nations encourage its teaching in some form. Also, merely defining in the present pales against the probability to form an identity in the rich past. History that that tells national stories, emphasizing on the distinctive features of national experience, drive home an understanding of national values and a mitment of national loyalty.我們可以從學習過去中了解自己，了解這個社會。他是一面鏡子，照出了個人和時代的缺點和不足。（它告訴我們自己是誰，來自何處，給我們必要的知識和不同的人交流。過去的知識就好像人們的記憶。A human is a useless cripple without a memory ,and can bee someone else39。s puppet when true memories are replaced with false。而且現(xiàn)在很多事情發(fā)生的原因都是來自過去，要解決現(xiàn)在問題，我們要求了解過去。比如巴以沖突IsraeliPalestinian conflict之類。Israeli Palestinian===================Issue 83=====================【題目】Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people.fossil【翻譯】政府應(yīng)該保護公共所有的野生地區(qū)，使得它們維持自然的狀態(tài)，即使這些地方十分地偏遠因而大多數(shù)人無法到達?！咎峋V】同意1。承認看起來沒有必要 而且費錢費力2．但是荒地確實需要保護野生地區(qū)動植物 研究價值，人類的發(fā)展擠占了動物的生存空間，如果沒有保護的話，物種可能會滅絕，最終威脅到人類 Biodiversity礦物資源 energy crisis, crude oil, petroleum,野生自然地區(qū)的狀況對于環(huán)境、氣候影響也有影響；rain forest in south America is called the lung of earth Oxygen, temperature, humidity政府是合理而有效的保護手段，如通過法律，很多國家都有相關(guān)的規(guī)定來保護；如：the 1964 Wilderness Act，自然保護區(qū)的建立；Sanctuary , supervision, 總結(jié)：人類的欲望是無限的，千百年來已經(jīng)對自然犯了很多罪，而自然已經(jīng)很脆弱。很小的環(huán)境問題會給生態(tài)系統(tǒng)ecosystem帶來很大的影響butterfly effect 所以要謹慎cautious的對待環(huán)境問題【參考資料】==================Issue17==================修改【題目】There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws. 【翻譯】有兩種法律：公正的和不公正的。每個社會成員都有責任遵守公正的法律，但是更重要的是，更應(yīng)該不遵守和反抗不公正的法律?！咎峋V】Equitable, fair, just, legitimate, unbiased1．如何判斷一個法律是公正的我們應(yīng)當自覺遵守維護法律秩序，特別是公正的法律，用以維護社會的秩序，這樣一方面能夠維護社會的秩序，例如交通法規(guī)，另一方面通過約束他人保障公民自己的權(quán)利highway code對于不公正的法律，我們更應(yīng)該不遵守或者反抗以保證維護的正義，例如希特勒二戰(zhàn)期間屠殺猶太人和同性戀的法律3。這體現(xiàn)了人類精神然而，在實際生活中，由于價值觀的不同，我們很難正確辨別哪些法律是不公正的法律，如對于安樂死euthanasia和死刑death penalty，不同國家法律有不同的規(guī)定結(jié)論，在可辨認的前提下，我們要堅決遵守公正法律抵制不公正的法