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【正文】 The functionalist Approaches to Translation ? It came into being in 1970s in Germany ? Often referred to as the ‘German School’ of functionalist translation theory 1. Distinguished contributors ? Katharina Reiss ? Hans J. Vermeer ? Christiane Nord Katharina Reiss(凱瑟林娜 ?賴斯 ) ? Reise. (In 1971). Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism: Categories and Criteria for a Fair Evaluations (book) ? Reise was firmly within equivalence principle. ? Yet she is aware that there do exist situations “where equivalence is not possible and in some cases, not even desired” and there are “certain exceptions from the equivalence requirement” ? P78 ? a model of translation criticism ? based on the functional relationship between source and target texts Hans J. Vermeer(漢斯 ?弗米爾 ) ? Vermeer(1978). Framework for a General Translation Theory ( a paper) ? Reiss amp。 Vermeer (1984). Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation (a book) ? giving up the sourcetext centered linguistic translation theory altogether ? defining translation as a purposeful human activity that takes place in a given situation ? Skopos theory as the landmark of functional translation Christiane Nord(克里斯蒂安 諾德 ) ? Nord.(1991). Text Analysis in Translation (book) ? Nord.(1997). Translation as Purposeful Activity (book) ? the loyalty rule, the supplement to Vermeer’s Skopos theory 2. Hans J. Vermeer and Skopos theory ? Skopos, a Greek word for “purpose” ? Skopos theory: the theory of purposeful action ? Three rules ? P82 Three principa
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