【正文】 高中英語(yǔ)新課標(biāo)必修五unit 1知識(shí)點(diǎn)Great scientists一、知識(shí)點(diǎn)1. Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that heips them float?哪位科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了水里的東西被幫助以浮動(dòng)的力舉起？in water定語(yǔ)，修飾objects, a force之后又跟了個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。lift up 拿起，舉起，升起He lift up his little son, and mounted him on the horse. 他把小兒子舉起來(lái)，讓他騎在馬背上。To call back the boy from a distance, the father had to lift up his ，父親不得不提高嗓子喊。2. Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children? 誰(shuí)用豌豆顯示了身體特征是如何從父母?jìng)餮拥胶⒆拥模緼 characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water.駱駝的特點(diǎn)是不喝水也能活很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。with his characteristic enthusiasm 以他特有的熱忱The letter passed from one to another until everyone had read it. 那封信逐一傳閱，直到每個(gè)人都看過(guò)為止。According to her will, when the old lady dies, her money will pass to her grandson. 根據(jù)老太太的遺矚,她去世時(shí),她的錢將遺留給她的孫子。3. Who put forward a theory about black holes? 誰(shuí)提出了關(guān)于黑洞的理論？put forward提出建議，撥快(鐘等) ...They put forward some new ideas on the 。put的常用詞組有：put aside節(jié)?。ㄥX、時(shí)間）；儲(chǔ)蓄；把……放在一邊 put away儲(chǔ)存（錢）；放好 put back撥慢；擱置 put down放下；記下；擊??；使（飛機(jī)）著陸； put off延期；推遲 put on上演；穿上；戴上 put out熄滅；關(guān)掉；撲滅 put through接通電話；完成 put up with忍受；忍耐 put into action/effect/practice實(shí)施；實(shí)行4. What do you know about infectious diseases such as cholera?關(guān)于傳染病你了解什么，比如霍亂？Colds are infectious, and so are some eye diseases. 感冒是傳染的,有些眼病也是傳染的。It39。s more useful to learn modern languages, such as English and German. 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)等現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言有用。5. …so famous, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies…….他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，因而成為照料維多利亞女皇的私人醫(yī)生…Which doctor is attending you? 哪一個(gè)醫(yī)生為你看病?attend a meeting [lecture]出席會(huì)議[聽(tīng)演講, 聽(tīng)課]attend a wedding [a funeral]參加婚禮[葬禮]attend school [church]上學(xué)[教堂]ease用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“減輕；消除；舒緩；放松”，表示消除某人的痛苦時(shí)用結(jié)構(gòu)“ease sb. of sth.”；也可以用作名詞，意為“舒適；自在；不拘束；容易”。These pills will ease the headache. 這些藥丸會(huì)減輕頭疼。Walking helped to ease him of his pain. 他散了散步減輕了一些痛苦。Her words gave ease to my distracted mind. 我心神不寧，她的話使我寬心。ease作名詞時(shí)的常見(jiàn)搭配：at ease放松；自如；不拘束 be/feel at ease感到舒適 ill at ease不自在；感到拘束 put/set sb. at one’s ease使某人感到舒適、不拘束 with ease容易地；無(wú)困難地The doctor gave him some painkillers to ease the pain. 醫(yī)生給了他一些止疼片以減緩疼痛。I don39。t feel at ease in the strange place.在這個(gè)陌生的地方，我覺(jué)得很不自在。6. …people exposed to cholera. 得了霍亂的老百姓是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾people。相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句which were exposed to cholera。expose的意思是“暴露；揭露；使曝光”，常與介詞to連用，表示“使暴露于（日光、風(fēng)雨等）；受到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；使面臨”的意思。The soil was washed away by the flood, exposing bare rock. 泥土被洪水沖走，露出光禿禿的石頭。The baby was left exposed to the wind and 。The soldiers in the open field are exposed to the enemy’s fire. 空地里的士兵暴露于敵人的火力之下。7. the most deadly disease in its deadly , 勢(shì)不兩立的, 死一般的, 極度的, 必定的, 極度地；非常地Fog is the sailor39。s deadly enemy. 霧是航海者最致命的敵人。deadly 8. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 每當(dāng)（疾病）突發(fā)時(shí)，總有成千的人死去。本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，every time引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“每當(dāng)……”，相當(dāng)于“when”。 另外，此狀語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)。類似用法的副詞和短語(yǔ)有“directly（一……就）, immediately（一……就）, instantly（一……就）, the minute（一……就）, the moment（一……就）, the second（一……就）, each (every) time（每當(dāng)）, next time（下次……時(shí)）, the last time（上次……時(shí)）等。She went to see him directly she got the letter. 她一收到信就去他了。Immediately the meal was over, he switched on the 。She came to the scene the moment she heard of the ，就立刻到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)來(lái)了。The last time we talked he said he needed another two 。9. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二種看法是在吃飯的時(shí)候人們把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。I suggest that you did not catch the 8 o39。clock train, but that you caught the train. 你沒(méi)有搭8點(diǎn)鐘的火車,而是搭的8點(diǎn)25分的車。He suggested going out for a walk.= He suggested that we (should)go out for a walk. 他建議出去走走。absorb的意思是“吸收；吸引；使專心；合并；吞并”，常用be absorbed in “專心于某事”。Clever children absorb knowledge easily. 聰明孩子容易吸收知識(shí)。Aspirin is quickly absorbed by /into the body. 阿司匹林很快被身體吸收了。He is absorbed in his business. 他專心致志的處理業(yè)務(wù)。be absorbed by被……吞并；為……所吸收 absorb … into吞并；吸……到…… absorb one’s attention吸引某人注意 absorb one’s time占用某人的時(shí)間10. the affected person 患者be affected by heat [cold] 中暑[著涼]He was deeply affected by my words. 他聽(tīng)了我的話很受感動(dòng)。11. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, John Snow was ready to test these two ，在1854年倫敦再次爆發(fā)霍亂的時(shí)候，約翰斯諾著手準(zhǔn)備對(duì)此進(jìn)行調(diào)研。be ready to do sth 樂(lè)于做，準(zhǔn)備做We were all hit by the depression. 我們都受到了不景氣的影響。Price increases hit everyone39。s pocket. 物價(jià)上漲沖擊了每個(gè)人的錢袋。Strike waves hit several Western European countries. 罷工的浪潮襲擊了好幾個(gè)西歐國(guó)家。12. …the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people had died in 10 ，在10天之內(nèi)就死去了500多人。severe 用作形容詞，當(dāng)它的意思為“嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)肅的”時(shí)，和serious相近；當(dāng)它的意思為“嚴(yán)厲的；嚴(yán)格的”時(shí)，與strict 相近，常用結(jié)構(gòu)be severe on(upon)/with “對(duì)某人嚴(yán)厲或嚴(yán)格”；此外它還有“劇烈的；尖銳的；樸素的”的意思。 The drought is being increasingly severe. 旱災(zāi)日趨嚴(yán)重。He is severe with his children. 和對(duì)子女很嚴(yán)格。You are too severe on (upon) the boy. 你對(duì)那個(gè)男孩太嚴(yán)厲了。I felt a severe pain in the chest. 我感到胸口劇烈疼痛。表示“傷勢(shì)嚴(yán)重”要用severe，不用serious； 但指“疾病嚴(yán)重”時(shí)，兩者都可與illness連接。She received severe head injuries in the 。（此句不可用serious）I was laid up for six weeks with a severe/serious ，我臥床六個(gè)星期。13. The map gave a valuable clue about the cause of the 。valuable 的意思是“貴重的；有很大價(jià)值的；有用的；有幫助的”，其名詞形式為value。I have a valuable collection of painting. 我有一批很有價(jià)值的畫。This book is valuable to /for students of English. 這本書對(duì)學(xué)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生很用。valuable, valueless, invaluable, priceless與 worthless的用法區(qū)別：(1)valuable, priceless, invaluable這三個(gè)詞意思一樣，都表示“貴重的；無(wú)價(jià)的”的意思。priceless意思為“無(wú)價(jià)的；價(jià)值連城的”，用于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，加深程度等情況；比valuable的程度更強(qiáng)。invaluable的意思是“無(wú)法估價(jià)的；無(wú)價(jià)的”，不用于形容價(jià)值或金錢，而是指質(zhì)或品質(zhì)。(2)valueless, worthless這兩個(gè)詞意思一樣，表示“無(wú)價(jià)值的，無(wú)用的”的意思，worthless是個(gè)常用詞，valueless很少用。The jewel is of great value, and it is priceless. 這珠寶很有價(jià)值，是無(wú)價(jià)之寶。This ancient gold coin isn’t just valuable, it’s ，而且價(jià)值連城。Your advice is invaluable to us. 你的建議對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是非常珍貴的。The drawing is of no value, and it is worthless. 這畫沒(méi)有價(jià)值，它沒(méi)有用。It looked like gold, but in fact it was worthless (valueless). 這看起來(lái)像金子，其實(shí)毫無(wú)價(jià)值。14. It seemed the water was to blame. 看來(lái)水是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。blame用作動(dòng)詞，意為“責(zé)備；責(zé)怪；歸咎于”的意思。常用結(jié)構(gòu)為blame sb for sth./blame sth