【正文】 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）On Negative Cultural Transfer in English Writing1. Introduction 12. Significance of the research 23. Theoretical basis 3 Definition 3 Error analysis 4 Anderson’s three phases model of the language producing 44. Research questions 45. Research design 5 Participants 56. Classification of the negative transfer errors from the sample writings 6 Transfer at the lexical level 6 Collocation errors 7 Wrong parts of speech 7 Misuse of words 8 Transfer at the syntactical level 9 Improper voice 9 Runon sentence or sentence fragments 10 Misuse of articles 11 Transfer at the grammatical level 12 Wrong tense 12 Number 13 Transfer at the discourse level 13 Coherence and cohesion 14 Discourse pattern errors 157. The causes of negative transfer 15 Different languages 15 Different cultures 16 Different mental concepts and logic 168. Some solutions to remove negative transfer 17 Enhancing students’ cultural awareness 17 Reinforcing the contrastive analysis 18 Building up a good knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar 18 Teaching writing as a process 19 Thinking in English 199. Conclusion 20References 211. Introduction Nowadays, with globalization and English being an international language, much importance has been attached to English learning all over the world. English writing, as one of the four basic skills, is considered the most effective means of munication. Almost all important English tests have the writing part to evaluate learners’ writing petence. However, the present situation of English writing in China is far from satisfactory. English writing remains students’ weakest point (Zhang Yanping, 2007: 52). Chinese students consciously do the English writing in the Chinese mode of thinking and express themselves from the point of Chinese. Negative transfer or interference of the mother tongue culture results in errors in the writing munication. This paper uses spot check as an instrument to explore the negative transfer in English writing. Fifteen sample writings of thirteen junior students were collected as the data source for analysis. The errors found in students’ sample articles were illustrated so that they could provide enough information about how and on what aspects transfer occurs. Those transfer errors occur in the writings will be classified at first, and then the data was analyzed, later the reasons for their occurrence were found out, and finally the solution to remove negative transfer are given.2. Significance of the researchOn account of the importance of writing and students’ failure in writing, many theoretical attempts have been made to find insightful implications for English learning in China. Since the 1990s an increasing number of researchers in China have attached their attention on the study of English writing, hoping to find ways to improve students’ writing petence. For the same interest, this paper would focus on the study of transfer errors in students’ English writing, trying to find out how and on what aspects Chinese culture influences their English writing. The paper will also analyze the reasons for such errors from cultural and linguistic perspectives and then provide some helpful solutions to remove the negative transfer. Such a methodic analysis is not only meaningful but also helpful to improve students’ English writing petence.3. Theoretical basis DefinitionTransfer is a psychological term. It is an influence brought by mother tongue, which has a great effect on the foreign language learners (Zhu Zhongdu, 1999: 28). That is to say, learners are willingly, uncontrolledly and consciously using mother tongue as the time they learn the target language. If the mistakes were caused by the differences between target language and mother tongue, it is called “Negative transfer”. Differences are the root of the negative transfer.Negative transfer, also known as interference, is the use of a negative language pattern or rule, which leads to an error or inappropriate form in the target language (Richard et al 2000: 484).Oller and Reading ever did a research, the result showed that when learning English as a second language, the students who write articles in their mother tongue must have a better mastery of English writing than those who without any articles in their mother tongue (Li Ruihua, 1996: 66). Error analysisError analysis was proposed by Pit Corder in 1970s. He considered that errors are unavoidable。 it is an essential part of learning. He said that the learners would be hindered if they didn’t make mistakes and didn’t improve from the correction. The process of error analysis include language material choice, errors affirmance, errors classification, explanation of producing reasons and the teaching significance evaluation (Gao Yuan, 2002: 211). Anderson’s three phases model of the language producingEnglish writing is the product of English, and it is a process from bottom to the surface. Anderson’s Cognitive Psychology provides a theory which called three phases model of the language producing: first, create, and then transform, finally, carry out (Zhu Zhongdu, 1999: 28). It means that students have to switch their minds to language structure of different levels, lexical level, and grammatical level, etc. Therefore the transfer errors occur in the conversion process.4. Research questionsAlmost all students have difficulty at the lexical level. They often do not know how to distinguish different parts of speech, use wrong words or wrong collocations. (Zhang Yanping, 2007: 53) They have many problems at lexical level, one of the students said. Since they do not master enough vocabulary to express their minds, they cannot use the exact words at the first time. Therefore they don’t notice the part of speech, cannot distinguish the synonyms, etc.There is always inpact sentence structure. Chinese students often ignore the tense and words