【正文】 創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的特別報(bào)道(轉(zhuǎn)之經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人雜志) Mar12th2009 FromTheEconomistprintedition Anideawhosetimehase 創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來 Entrepreneurialismhasbeecool 企業(yè)精神真酷 VICTORHUGOonceremarked:“Youcanresistaninvadingarmy。youcannotresistanideawhosetimehase.”Todayentrepreneurshipissuchanidea. 維克多?雨果說過：“人們能夠抵御武裝的入侵，卻阻擋不住思想的滲透。”今天，創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的思想遍地開花。 Thetriumphofentrepreneurshipisdrivenbyprofoundtechnologicalchange.Atrioofinventions—thepersonalputer,themobilephoneandtheinternet—isdemocratisingentrepreneurshipatacrackingpace.Todayevencashstrappedinnovatorscanreachmarketsthatwereoncetheprerogativeofgiantorganisations. 創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的成功來自深刻的技術(shù)革新。發(fā)明三重奏——個(gè)人電腦、移動(dòng)電話和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，大大促進(jìn)了創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的傳播?，F(xiàn)在甚至是資金缺乏的創(chuàng)新者也能進(jìn)入那些曾經(jīng)是大型機(jī)構(gòu)所獨(dú)享的市場(chǎng)。 Theinternetprovidesacheapplatformforentrepreneurstobuildinteractivebusinesses.MegWhitmangrewrichbydevelopinganonlinemarketplace,eBay,wherepeoplecouldbuyandsellwithoutevermeeting.Anarmyofpyjamacladbloggershasrepeatedlyoutsmartedlongestablishednewspapersonbreakingstories.AutomatednewscollectingservicessuchasRealClearPoliticsandMemeorandum,usingtinyamountsofcapital,haveestablishedthemselvesasindispensabletoolsfornewsjunkies. 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為創(chuàng)業(yè)者們進(jìn)行互動(dòng)業(yè)務(wù)提供了低價(jià)的平臺(tái)。梅格?惠特曼的致富手段是建立了一個(gè)在線市場(chǎng)：eBay，在這里人們不用見面也可進(jìn)行買賣。在突發(fā)新聞爆料的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，一大群“業(yè)余”的博友們?cè)偃侥切v史悠久的報(bào)紙。自動(dòng)新聞搜集服務(wù)諸如RealClearPolitics和Memeorandum，雖投入不大，但已在新聞愛好者心目中樹立了不可替代的地位。 Thedevelopmentof“cloudputing”isgivingsmalloutfitsyetmoreopportunitytoenjoytheadvantagesofbigorganisationswithnoneofthesunkcosts.Peoplerunningsmallbusinesses,whethertheyareintheirownofficesorinahotelhalfwayroundtheworld,canusepersonalputersorlaptopstogainaccesstosophisticatedbusinessservices. “云計(jì)算”技術(shù)的發(fā)展給予那些小型機(jī)構(gòu)更多的機(jī)會(huì)享受那些大型機(jī)構(gòu)所擁有的優(yōu)勢(shì)，而不用承擔(dān)沉沒成本。小型企業(yè)的運(yùn)營(yíng)者們能夠使用個(gè)人電腦或筆記本享有完善的商業(yè)服務(wù)，不論是在辦公室還是在旅行中的酒店里。 Themobilephonehasbeenalmostasrevolutionary.Aboutbillionpeople,orhalftheworld’spopulation,alreadyhaveaccesstoone.Thetechnologyhasallowedentrepreneurstobreakintowhatusedtobeoneoftheworld’smostregulatedmarkets,teles.Andmanydevelopingcountrieshavebeenabletoleapfrogrichonesbygoingstraighttomobilephones,cuttingoutlandlines. 移動(dòng)電話的出線幾乎可被視為一場(chǎng)革命。33億人擁有移動(dòng)電話，占世界總?cè)丝诩s50%。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)使得創(chuàng)業(yè)者們能夠進(jìn)入電信行業(yè)這個(gè)原先世界上管制最嚴(yán)格的市場(chǎng)。許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家直接越過了有線通訊的階段，在移動(dòng)電話領(lǐng)域和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家并駕齊驅(qū)。 Thishasresultedinacascadeofentrepreneurship.IqbalQuadir,aBangladeshiwhoemigratedtoAmericatobeeaninvestmentbankerandthenabusinessacademic,hadadreamofbringingmobilephonestohishomeland.HestruckuparelationshipwithMuhammadYunus,thefounderofGrameenBank,whichprovidesmicrofinance,toturnthedreamintoreality.Ifthebankwaswillingtolendwomenmoneytobuycows,whynotmobilephones?Bangladeshnowhas270,000phoneladieswhoborrowmoneytobuyspeciallydesignedmobilephonekitsequippedwithlonglastingbatteries,andselltimeontheirphonestolocalvillagers.GrameenhasbeeBangladesh’slargesttelesprovider,withannualrevenuesofaround$1billion。andtheentrepreneurialphoneladieshavepluggedtheirvillagesintothewidereconomy. 這項(xiàng)革新為導(dǎo)致了創(chuàng)業(yè)行為的進(jìn)步。移民美國(guó)的孟加拉人IqbalQuadir曾擔(dān)任過投行銀行家，現(xiàn)在是一位商業(yè)學(xué)者。他曾有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想：將移動(dòng)電話引入自己的家鄉(xiāng)。Iqbal和孟加拉鄉(xiāng)村銀行的創(chuàng)始人MuhammadYunus建立了關(guān)系，該銀行向孟加拉人民提供小額貸款，幫助人們夢(mèng)想成真。Grameen認(rèn)為，既然銀行愿意向婦女們提供貸款購(gòu)買牲畜，為什么不可讓她們購(gòu)買移動(dòng)電話呢？現(xiàn)在，孟加拉國(guó)已有27萬名婦女貸款購(gòu)買了移動(dòng)電話，這種移動(dòng)電話配置了較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的電池，以及在和村民通話時(shí)播放的廣告內(nèi)容。Grameen也就成為孟加拉國(guó)最大的電信供應(yīng)商，每年大約獲取10億美元的收入，而那些擁有電話的創(chuàng)業(yè)女性們也把將她們的村莊帶入到更廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中。 Thankstothebinationoftouchscreentechnologyandeverfasterwirelessnetworks,themobilephoneisbeingtheplatformofchoicefortechnoentrepreneurs.SinceJulylastyearApplehasallowedthirdpartiestopostsome20,000programsorapplicationsonits“appstore”,allowingphonestodoanythingfromidentifyingthesingerofasongontheradiotoimitatingthesoundofflatulence.Sofararound500m“apps”havebeendownloadedforaboutadollaratime. 憑借觸摸屏技術(shù)和更快的無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)合的優(yōu)勢(shì)，移動(dòng)電話正變成許多“技術(shù)創(chuàng)業(yè)者”可選擇的平臺(tái)之一。去年7月份，蘋果公司允許第三方將大約2萬個(gè)程序或應(yīng)用軟件放在其“蘋果商店”中，使得iPhone可以“無所不能”，從收音機(jī)播放歌曲的歌手身份識(shí)別到腸胃脹氣聲音的模仿。截至目前，人們已經(jīng)從“蘋果商店”里以每次1美元的價(jià)格下載了大約5億次各種程序。 Thesedevelopmentshavebeenreinforcedbybroadculturalchangesthathavebroughtentrepreneurialismintothemainstream.Anactivitythatwasonceregardedasperipheral,perhapsevenreprehensible,hasbeecool,celebratedbypoliticiansandembracedbytherisinggeneration. 廣泛的文化變革加強(qiáng)了技術(shù)發(fā)展，并使創(chuàng)業(yè)精神成為了主流。過去被視為邊緣化的甚至是應(yīng)受譴責(zé)的行為已經(jīng)變得很酷，并為政治家稱贊，為年輕一代所喜愛。 Britain’sOxfordUniversityusedtonurtureoneofthelongesttraditionsofantientrepreneurialprejudiceintheworld.Thedonsvalued“gentlemanly”subjectssuchasclassicsorphilosophyoveranythingthatsmackedof“utility”.(“Hegetsdegreesinmakingjam/atLiverpoolandBirmingham,”wentonepopularditty.)Thestudentsdreamedofcareersinthecivilserviceorthelawratherthanbusiness,stilllessentrepreneurship.“HowIhatethatman,”wasthewriter.Lewis’startmentonLordNuffield,hiscity’sgreatestentrepreneurandhisuniversity’smostgenerousbenefactor. 英國(guó)牛津大學(xué)慣于培養(yǎng)該?！皠?chuàng)業(yè)精神偏見”，該偏見是牛津歷史最悠久的傳統(tǒng)之一。牛津的老師們重視那些具有“紳士特征”如學(xué)術(shù)名著或哲學(xué)，而不是帶有“實(shí)用特征”味道的課程。（“他獲得了做果醬的學(xué)位/不過是在利物浦和伯明翰”這種諷刺小調(diào)說明一切）。牛津的學(xué)生們則夢(mèng)想在政府或法律界開始自己的職業(yè)生涯，而不是從商，他們的創(chuàng)業(yè)精神略顯不足。.Lewis在對(duì)Nuffield勛爵刻薄挖苦中曾提到：“我是如此憎惡此人”。而Nuffield勛爵是倫敦最偉大的企業(yè)家，也是牛津最慷慨的贊助人。 TodayOxfordhasathrivingbusinessschool,theSa239。dSchool,withacentreforentrepreneurshipandinnovationandagrowingbusinessparkthattriestomixtheuniversity’sscientistswithentrepreneurs.OxfordEntrepreneursisoneoftheuniversity’smostpopularsocieties,with3,600studentmembersandarecordofcreatingaboutsixstartupsayear. 如今牛津也有了蓬勃發(fā)展的商學(xué)院：塞德商學(xué)院。該學(xué)院有創(chuàng)業(yè)精神與創(chuàng)新中心，還擁有一家迅速成長(zhǎng)的商業(yè)研究所，努力培養(yǎng)學(xué)?？茖W(xué)家與企業(yè)家的復(fù)合人才。牛津創(chuàng)業(yè)者聯(lián)合會(huì)是學(xué)校最受歡迎的社團(tuán)之一，擁有3600名學(xué)生會(huì)員，保持著年均創(chuàng)造6個(gè)創(chuàng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目的記錄。 Nolongerniche 不再是花瓶T hestoryofOxford’sconversiontoentrepreneurshipisbeingrepeatedtheworldoverasagrowingnumberofrespectableeconomistsdiscoverthenewcreed.For