【正文】 組 織 學(xué) 主講 : 陳曉蓉 教 授 第一章 組織學(xué)緒論 一 、 定義 組織學(xué)是研究機(jī)體微細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)功能的科學(xué) 。 二 、 研究方法簡(jiǎn)介 一般光學(xué)顯微鏡術(shù) 組織化學(xué)和細(xì)胞化學(xué)術(shù) 免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)術(shù) 同位素示蹤術(shù) 原位雜交術(shù) 細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞化學(xué)定量術(shù) 電子顯微鏡術(shù) 組織培養(yǎng)術(shù) 三 、 學(xué)習(xí)方法幾要點(diǎn) 第二章 上皮組織 (Epithelial Tissue) [目的與要求 ] 1 掌握上皮組織的特點(diǎn) 、 分類及上皮組織的特殊結(jié)構(gòu) 2 了解各種上皮的形態(tài) 、 分布及腺上皮的功能 [授課提綱 ] 一 、 上皮組織的特點(diǎn) 細(xì)胞排列密集 ， 細(xì)胞間質(zhì)很少 。 有極性 。 有基膜 。 無血管 二 、 被覆上皮 (Covering Epitheleum)的類型和結(jié)構(gòu) 1. 單層扁平上皮 (Simple Squamous Epitheleum) ① 內(nèi)皮 襯貼在心 、 血管和淋巴管腔面的單層扁平上皮 ② 間皮 分布在胸膜 、 腹膜和心包膜表面的單層扁平上皮 ③ 其它 肺泡 、 腎小囊壁層 。 單層立方上皮 (Simple Cuboidal Epithelium) 分布 :腎小管等處。 腎小管、甲狀腺濾泡 單層柱狀上皮 (Simple Columnar Epithelium) 胃腸、子宮輸卵管上皮 假復(fù)層纖毛柱狀上皮 ( Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium) 呼吸道腔面 復(fù)層扁平上皮 (Stratified Squamous Epithelium) 角化復(fù)層扁平上皮 皮膚表面 未角化復(fù)層扁平上皮 口腔、食管等腔面 6 變移上皮 (移行上皮 ) ( Transitional Epithelium) 排尿管道腔面 收縮狀態(tài)：層數(shù)多 擴(kuò)張狀態(tài)：層數(shù)減少、細(xì)胞變扁 三、上皮組織的特殊結(jié)構(gòu) (Specialized Structures of Epithelial Cell) 1 、游離面 (Free Surface) （ 1）細(xì)胞衣（糖衣） (Glycocalyx)：薄層絨毛狀的復(fù)合糖。 功能：粘著、支持、保護(hù)、物質(zhì)交換、識(shí)別。 （ 2）微絨毛 (Microvilli)：上皮細(xì)胞游離面伸出的細(xì)小指狀突起。 功能：參與細(xì)胞吸收物質(zhì)的作用。 （ 3）纖毛 (Cilia)：上皮細(xì)胞游離面伸出的能擺動(dòng)的較長(zhǎng)突起。 功能：定向擺動(dòng)，可排出細(xì)菌和灰塵。 2 、側(cè)面 (Lateral Surface) （ 1）緊密連接（閉鎖小帶） (Tight junction) 功能：機(jī)械性連接作用、封閉細(xì)胞頂部細(xì)胞間隙，防止大分子物質(zhì)進(jìn)入組織內(nèi)。 （ 2）中間連接（粘著小帶）(Intermediate junction) 功能：粘著作用、保持細(xì)胞形狀和傳遞細(xì)胞間收縮力。 （ 3）橋粒（粘著斑） (Desmosome) 功能：牢固的細(xì)胞連接 （ 4）縫隙連接（通訊連接） (Gap junction) 功能：交換小分子物質(zhì)和離子及傳遞電沖動(dòng) 基底面 (Basal Surface ) （ 1）基膜 (Basement membrane) 電鏡下（ EM）分三層：透明板、致密板（基板）、網(wǎng)織板（網(wǎng)板） 薄者：透明板和基板 功能：支持連接作用，引導(dǎo)上皮移動(dòng)影響上皮分化 （ 2）質(zhì)膜內(nèi)褶 (Plasma membrane infolding) 功能：擴(kuò)大基底面表面積，有利水和電解質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) （ 3）半橋粒 (Hemidesmosome) :連接上皮和基膜 [思考題 ] 上皮組織有哪些特點(diǎn) ？ 上皮組織的分類依據(jù)及分類 ？ 內(nèi)皮和間皮的概念 上皮組織有哪些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)及各種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的功能 CHAPTER 2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE OUTLINE Epithelium consists of cells that are closely applied to each other with very little intercellular substance. The cells that make up an epithelium have distinct polarity. They exhibit functionally distinct surface domains, namely, a free surface and a basal surface. Blood vessels do not perate the basement membrane to enter the epithelial layers. Epithelial tissues have the following principal functions: protection ，absorption, secretion, and excretion etc. Epethelium is classified according to the arrangement and shape of its cells. Epithelium which is only one cell deep is called simple。 epithelium which is more than one cell deep is called stratified. On the basis of cell shape epithelium is designated as squamous, cuboidal, or columnar, thus by joining these descriptive terms, we may describe an epithelium as simple squamous, as stratified squamous, or stratified cuboidal, etc. Epithelia are customarily classified according to their structure and function into two main types: covering epithelium and glandular epithelium. Covering epithelia are tissues whose cells are anized in membranous layers that cover the external surface or line the cavities of the body. In two locations, epithelium has special names, endothelium and mesothelium. Endothelium lines the inner surface of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. Mesothelium lines the serous membranes of the body, namely, the pleura, the pericardium and the peritoneum. Two special categories of epithelium are pseudostratified and transitional. Pseudostratified epithelium has the appearance of being stratified. Some of the cells do not reach the free surface。 however, all rest on the basement membrane. Thus, it is actually a simple epithelium. transitional epithelium is a name applied to the epithelium lining the pelvis of the kidney, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. It is a stratified epithelium that has rather specific morphologic characteristics and functionally acmodates well to distension. The free surface of epithelial cells may contain cilia, stereocilia, or microvilli according to the function of the cells. Cilia enable the cells to move mucus or other materials along the surface. Stereocilia are special surface modifications that are found in the ductus epididymis and the face. Stereocilia are special surface modifications that are found in the ductus epididymis and the ductus deferens. Microvilli are found on the surface of cells that engage in absorptive activity. There are four types of cell junctions between epithelial cells, including tight junction, intermediate junction, desmosome and gap junction. The structure consisting of at least two types of cell junction is the junctional plex. Separating the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue is a basement membrane. When the basement membrane is examined with the electron microscope, it is found to consist of a thin amorphous layer, designated the basal lamina, and a thicker layer containing delicate reticular fibers, designated the reticular lamina. The basal lamina is immediately subjacent to the epithelium and the reticular lamina faces the underlying connective tissue. According to the way the secretory products leave the cell, glands may be classified as exocrine gland or endocrine gland. Exocrine glands have a secertory portion and the gland ducts. This connection takes the form of tubular ducts lined with epithelial cells through which the glandular secretions pass to reach the surface. Endocrine glands are ductless, and their secretions are picked up and transported to their site of action by the bloodstream. The products of endocri