【正文】 Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition of Growing and Finishing Pigs 生長(zhǎng)肥育豬的蛋白質(zhì)與氨基酸營養(yǎng) Robert A. Easter, . Professor of Swine Nutrition Dean, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Introductory Facts: Proteins are made up of amino acids 蛋白質(zhì)由氨基酸組成 Amino acids are either essential (must be present in the diet) or nonessential (can be made by the animal). 氨基酸分為必需（日糧中必須有） 和非必需（動(dòng)物可自體合成） The 10 essential amino acids are 十種必需氨基酸是 : Lysine 賴氨酸 Leucine 亮氨酸 Tryptophan 色氨酸 Isoleucine 異亮氨酸 Methionine 蛋氨酸 Histidine 組氨酸 Threonine 蘇氨酸 Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸 Valine 纈氨酸 Arginine 精氨酸 Introductory Facts: Pigs do not require protein per se but rather the amino acids that make up protein 豬本身不需要蛋白質(zhì)，而是需要組成蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸 Amino acids in the diet are provided by proteincontaining feeds (corn, soybean meal, shum, fish meal etc) 日糧中的氨基酸由含蛋白質(zhì)的飼料組分 (如玉米 ,豆粕 ,高粱 ,魚粉等 )提供 Amino acid progression: Dietary protein Free amino acids 游離氨基酸 Small intestine 小腸 Protein synthesis Feces 糞 Urine 尿 日糧蛋白質(zhì) 蛋白質(zhì)合成 Typical Grower Diet 典型生長(zhǎng)豬日糧 Ingredient 組分 % Corn 玉米 Soybean meal 豆粕 Dicalcium phospate 磷酸氫鈣 Limestone 石粉 .74 Trace mineral salt 微量元素鹽 .35 Vitamin premix 維生素 .10 Total 總計(jì) The value of a protein source is dependent on its capacity to contribute digestible amino acids to the animal. The Chemical Score is a simple approach to assessing value 蛋白質(zhì)來源的價(jià)值取決于為動(dòng)物提供可消化氨基酸的能力，化學(xué)評(píng)分是評(píng)定蛋白價(jià)值的簡(jiǎn)單方法 Amino acid Requirement,% Provided by diet, % Provided/ Requirement, % Lysine .75 .50 Threonine .48 .44 Tryptophan .12 .12 Isoleucine .46 .47 Met + CYs .41 .45 Histidine .22 .34 Leucine .60 Valine .48 .61 Arginine .25 .66 The performance of an animal can be no greater than that made possible by the amino acid in least supply. This is monly called the first limiting amino acid 最少量被提供的氨基酸制約了動(dòng)物的生產(chǎn)性能，這種氨基酸通常稱作第一限制性氨基酸 Amino acid Requirement,% Provided by diet, % Provided/ Requirement, % Lysine .75 .50 Threonine .48 .44 Tryptophan .12 .12 Isoleucine .46 .47 Met + His .41 .45 Histidine .22 .34 Leucine .60 Valine .48 .61 Arginine .25 .66 (First) (Second) Protein Synthesis Limiting Amino Acids in Some Common Feedstuffs 一些飼料原料中的限制性氨基酸 Ingredient First Second Corn 玉米 Lysine 賴氨酸 Tryptophan 色氨酸 Opaque2 Corn Tryptophan 色氨酸 Lysine 賴氨酸 Barley 大麥 Lysine 賴氨酸 Methionine 蛋氨酸 Wheat 小麥 Lysine 賴氨酸 Threonine 蘇氨酸 Shum (milo)買羅高粱 Lysine 賴氨酸 Threonine 蘇氨酸 Soybean meal 豆粕 Met + Cys 蛋＋胱 Threonine 蘇氨酸 Cottonseed meal 棉籽粕 Lysine 賴氨酸 Threonine 蘇氨酸 Peanut Meal 花生粕 Lysine 賴氨酸 ? Fish meal 魚粉 Tryptophan 色氨酸 ? Comparison of Amino Acid Sources (Lysine as a percent of total protein) 氨基酸來源的比較（賴氨酸占總蛋白質(zhì)的百分比） Item Crude protein, % Lysine, % Lysine as % of protein Pig 豬 .75 Corn 玉米 .25 Shum 高粱 .23 Wheat 小麥 .36 Rice bran 米糠 .61 Soybean meal 豆粕 Cottonseed meal Peanut meal 花生粕 Sesame meal Fishmeal 魚粉 棉籽粕 芝麻粕 Estimation of Limiting Amino Acids from Growth Data (A hypothetical example) 由生長(zhǎng)性能數(shù)據(jù)估計(jì)限制性氨基酸 Diet Gain, kg/d 1. Cornsoybean meal, 12% CP .40 2. As 1 + Lysine .50 3. As 1 + Threonine .30 4. As 1 + Lysine + Threonine .60 Amino Acid Balance 氨基酸平衡 Amino acid balance refers to the proportional relationships among the amino acids 氨基酸平衡指氨基酸之間的比例關(guān)系 An amino acid imbalance reduces feed intake and growth rate. 氨基酸不平衡導(dǎo)致飼料采食量和生長(zhǎng)速度下降 Performance of Chicks Fed Diets Formulated to a Lysine Requirement with Either an Imbalanced Protein or Crystalline Lysine 飼喂蛋白質(zhì)不平衡或添加晶體賴氨酸日糧雞的生長(zhǎng)性能 Item Formulation Criteria Growth Performance Diet Lysine, % Protein% Gain, g Gain/ feed 1. Cornsoybean meal 243 .66 2. Cornsesame meal .56 68 .34 3. As 2 + lysine 222 .61 4. Cornsesame meal 144 .44 5. As 4 + lysine 181 .46 Baker and Easter (1976) Ideal Protein 理想蛋白質(zhì) The term, IDEAL PROTEIN, is used to describe the profile of dietary amino acids that would be perfectly in harmony with the pig’s requirements..