殺菌劑毒理學(xué)(上)(1)(已修改)
2025-01-24 13:53 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 Fungicide Toxicology ?Part I ?Introduction 1 殺菌劑毒理學(xué) Introduction ?Fungicide： A substance possessing the power of killing or preventing the growth of fungi. ?殺菌劑（ fungicide）：殺菌、抑菌、提高抗病力，所有這種能達(dá)到防治植物病害的農(nóng)藥都是殺菌劑。 2 Introduction ?Fungicides are used to eradicate or prevent the undesirable growth of fungal microanism in many agricultural, horticultural, and industrial situations. Introduction ?殺菌劑（ fungicide）： ?殺真菌劑（ fungicide） ?抑真菌劑 (fungistat) ?殺細(xì)菌劑（ bactericide） ?殺病毒劑 （ viricides） 4 殺菌劑的發(fā)展 ?第一代殺菌劑（ inanic chemicals） 。 ?第二代殺菌劑（ anic chemicals） ?傳統(tǒng)保護(hù)劑 (conventional protectants) ?植物藥害 (phytotoxicity) ； ?第三代殺菌劑：內(nèi)吸性殺菌劑（ systemic fungicide ） ?第四代殺菌劑：三環(huán)唑等較早使用的無(wú)殺菌毒性化合物。 5 殺菌劑的發(fā)展 ?無(wú)機(jī) 有機(jī) ?多作用位點(diǎn) 少作用位點(diǎn) 單一位點(diǎn) ?非內(nèi)吸 內(nèi)吸 ?保護(hù)劑 治療劑 6 Ideal fungicide characteristics a) low mammalian toxicity b) low ecotoxicity c) low phytotoxicity d) high peration rates for spores and mycelia e) limited biodegradation on the plant surface. 7 Classification of Fungicide ?In addition to classification by chemical structural grouping, fungicides can be categorized agriculturally and horticulturally according to the mode of application (use) as: 8 Classification according to use ?(a) soil application fungicides, ?(b) foliar fungicides which are applied to plants above the ground。 ?(c) dressing fungicides applied after harvesting with the aim of preventing fungus development on stored crops. 9 Classification according to action ?Fungicides may also be described according to their general mode of action: ?(a) protective fungicides inhibiting the development of fungi by either sporicidal effects or foliar effects creating an environment on the plant surface not conducive to fungal growth。 10 Classification according to action ?(b) postinfection curative fungicides which kill (inhibit) the developing mycelium in the plant epidermis. ?(c) Postsymptomatic eradication fungicides which perate and kill the mycelium and new spores. 11 Classification according to action ?保護(hù)型殺菌劑 protective fungicide ?鏟除性殺菌劑 eradication fungicide ?治療性殺菌劑 curative fungicide ?內(nèi)吸性殺菌劑 systemic fungicide 12 Toxicity of fungicide ?In general, fungicides are of low to moderate mammalian toxicology, although they are believed to have a higher overall incidence than other pesticides to cause developmental toxicology and oncogenesis. 13 Toxicity of fungicide ?It has, for example, been estimated that more than 80 per cent of all oncogenic risk from the use of pesticides
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